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abse daily ki 1 post esi aayegi..jo aapke exam ke point of view se bhot jyda important rahegi...
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Chromosomal Disorders in Humans :- @AmbitionMBBS 🩺
The chromosomal disorders on the other hand are caused due to absence or excess or abnormal
arrangement of one or more chromosomes.
1. Down’s Syndrome:-
Typically, the nucleus of each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, half of which are inherited from each
parent. Down syndrome occurs when an individual has a full or partial extra copy of chromosome 21. This
failure of segregation of chromatids during cell division cycle results in the gain or loss of a chromosome(s),
called aneuploidy.
It was first described in 1866 by Langdon Down. The disorder develop due to trisomy of chromosome
number 21.
Trisomic condition arises due to the formation of n+1 male or female gamete by non-disjunction
and the subsequent fertilization by a normal (n) gamete.
It is characterized by:-
a. Short stature
b. Small round head
c. Furrowed tongue
d. Partially open mouth
e. Broad palm with characteristic palm crease
f. Many ‘loops’ on finger tips
g. Big and wrinkled tongue
h. Physical (underdeveloped gonads and genitals, loose joints), psychomotor and mental development
is retarded
2. Turner’s Syndrome:-
Turner syndrome is a chromosomal condition that affects development in females. The disorder is due to
monosomy. It appears due to fusion of abnormal egg (22+0) and a normal sperm (22+X) or a normal egg
(22+X) and abnormal sperm (22+0). Such females are sterile as ovaries are rudimentary besides other
features including lack of other secondary sexual characters.
3. Klinefelter’s Syndrome:-
It is caused due to the presence of an additional copy of X-chromosome resulting into 44+XXY type
chromosome complement. The defect appears due to union of an abnormal egg (22+XX) and a normal
sperm (22+Y) or normal egg (22+X) and abnormal sperm (22+XY). Such persons are sterile males with
overall masculine development and some female characteristics E.g. Feminine pitched voice, development
of breast or gynaecomastia.
@AmbitionMBBS 🩺
😌❤️ Hope so it's helpful ☺️👍
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Aur jinke pas ye books nhi hai toh aap purchase kar sakte ho..2k-3k mei kuch jyda nuksan nhi hoga aapka... ye books bhot jyda important hai.
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Baki aur bhi Bhot student hai jinhone call msg kia hai.. 2 Ko Aiims bhi Mila hai.. ab Aapka number hai
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⚡️Trick to Learn Bacteria Disease [Mnemonic]
Trick :-
Pandit Dya Thakur Ca Tika Lgya Neu Hai
P - Plague
D - Diptheria
T - Typhoid
C - Whooping cough
T - Tetanus
L - Leprosy
N - Pneumonia
C - Cholera
@AmbitionMBBS 🩺
📝HANDWRITTEN NOTES📚
😌❤️ Hope so it's helpful ☺️👍
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offer valid only for 1.5 hours (11:59am)
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❤️SOME TERMS RELATED TO EVOLUTION❤️
💠Adaptation:
🔶Changing to fit a niche or survive in an environment
💠Anatomy:
🔶Study of the structures of organisms
💠Artificial Selection:
🔶Characteristics selected by humans
💠Biogeography:
🔶Study of how species are distributed across the Earth
💠Biological Species:
🔶Individuals that can interbreed and produce viable offspring
💠Catastrophism:
🔶Changes in species that happen because of quick and often violent natural phenomena
💠Cladistics:
🔶Method of classifying species in groups based on ancestral relationships
💠Cladogram:
🔶Diagram of how species are related
💠Coevolution:
🔶One species changing in response to changes in another species that it interacts with, particularly predator/prey relationships
💠Creationism:
🔶Belief that a higher power created all life
💠Darwinism:
🔶Term commonly used as a synonym for evolution
💠Descent With Modification:
🔶Passing down traits that might change over time
💠Directional Selection:
🔶Type of natural selection in which an extreme characteristic is favored
💠Disruptive Selection:
🔶Type of natural selection that favors both extremes and selects against the average characteristics
💠Embryology:
🔶Study of the earliest stages of development of an organism
💠Endosymbiotic Theory:
🔶Currently accepted theory as to how cells evolved
💠Eukaryote:
🔶Organism made of cells that have membrane-bound organelles
💠Evolution:
🔶Change in populations over time
💠Fossil Record:
🔶All known traces of past life ever found
💠Fundamental Niche:
🔶All available roles an individual can play in an ecosystem
💠Genetics:
🔶Study of traits and how they are passed down from generation to generation
💠Gradualism:
🔶Changes in species that happen over long periods of time
💠Habitat:
🔶Area in which an organism lives
💠Homologous Structures:
🔶Body parts on different species that are similar and most likely evolved from a common ancestor
💠Hydrothermal Vents:
🔶Very hot areas in the ocean where primitive life might have begun
💠Intelligent Design:
🔶Belief that a higher power created life and its changes
💠Macroevolution:
🔶Changes in populations at the species level, including ancestral relationships
💠Mass Extinction:
🔶Event in which large numbers of species died out completely
💠Microevolution:
🔶Changes in species at a molecular or gene level.....
💝SHARE AND SUPPORT💝
@AmbitionMBBS 🩺
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✌️IMP OF PLANT KINGDOM✌️
1) Isogamous sexual reproduction in algae- Ulothrix (flagellated)
Spirogyra (non-flagellated)
2) Anisogamous sexual reproduction in algae- Udorina
3) Oogamous sexual reproduction in algae- Volvox, Fucus
4) Algin- Brown Algae
5) Carragreen - Red Algae
6) Agar- Gelidium, Gracilaria
(Red algae)
7) Motile asexual spores in algae- Zoospores
8) Laminarin, Mannitol- stored food of Brown algae (complex carbohydrate)
9) Fucoxanthin- Brown Algae
10) Phycoerythrin- Red Algae
11) Floridean Starch Found in Red algae, similar to amylopectin and glycogen
12) The main plant body is a gametophyte- Bryophytes
13) Peat- Sphagnum
14) In liverworts - asexual reproduction by fragmentation or by gemmae (green, multicellular, asexual buds) formation
15) In mosses - asexual reproduction by fragmentation & budding in 2° protonema
16) Microphylls- Selaginella
17) Macrophylls- Fern
18) Heterosporous pteridophytes- Selaginella,
Salvinia, Azolla, Marsilea
19) Vascular plants without seeds- Pteridophytes
20) Aquatic ferns - Azolla, Salvinia, Marsilea
21) Mycorrhiza- Pinus
(symbiotic association with fungi in the roots)
22) Coralloid roots- Cycas
(nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in the roots)
23) The tallest gymnosperm- Sequoia (redwood tree)
24) Pinus - Winged shape pollen grain, Monoecious
25) Ginkgo - Living fossil
26) Microscopic angiosperm Wolffia
27) Parallel venation- mostly in Monocotyledons
28) Reticulate venation- Mostly in Dicotyledons
29) The cells of embryo sac are- Haploid
30) Algae showing haplo-diplontic life cycle- Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia, kelps
31) Diplontic life cycle - Fucus
32) Zygotic meiosis - Haplontic life cycle
33) Chlorella - Unicellular alga, protein rich
34) Porphyra, Laminaria and Sargassum - marine algae, used as food
35) Laminaria - Good source of Iodine
@AmbitionMBBS
