STUDY247 YOUTUBE

Environmental Policies and Act in India: 1. The Indian Forest Act -1927 2. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 3. The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 4. The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 5. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 6. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 7. National Green Tribunal (NGT) Act, 2010 8. National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), 2008 9. Biodiversity Act, 2002 10. Forest Rights Act-2006 (Tribals) 11 Swachh Bharat Mission (2014) 12. Namami Gange Programme (2014)

List Of Important Newspaper Repeatedly asked in Exams ❖ The Hindu - G. Subramaniyam Iyer & Veer Raghavchari ❖ Bengal Gazette(1780) - James Augustus Hickey ❖ Mirut-ul-akbar (1822) - Raja Ram Mohan Roy ❖ Hindu Patriot (1853) - Girish Chandra Ghosh ❖ Som Prakash (1859) - Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (editor - Dwarkanath Vidhyabhushan) ❖ Indian Mirror (1862) - Devendra Nath Tagore ❖ Amrit Bazar Patrika(1868)- Sisir Kumar Ghosh & Motilal Ghosh ❖ Bangadarshan(1873) - Bankim Chandra Chaterjee ❖ India (1890) - Dadabhai Naroaji ❖ Indian Opinion (1903, Published In S Africa) - Mahatma Gandhi (in Gujarati, Hindi, Tamil & English ) + Mansukh Lal was 1st Editor ❖ Independent (1919) - Motilal Nehru ❖ Yugantar (1906) - Bhupendra Dutt, Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Abhinash Bhattacharya ❖ Navjivan (1919) - Gandhi ❖ Young India (1919) - Gandhi ❖ Harijan(1933, English) - Mahatma Gandhi (published on February 11, 1933 from Yerwada Central Jail, Pune in Maharashtra) ❖ Udbodhan (1899) - Swami Vivekanand ❖ Bahishkrit Bharat (1924) - Bhimrao Ambedkar ❖ Al-Hilal (1912) - Abul Kalam Azad ❖ New India (1914) - Annie Besant ❖ Sudharak - Gopal Krishna Gokhale ❖ Voice of India - Dadabhai Naoroji ❖ Bengalee - Girish Chandra Ghosh ❖ Commonweal - Annie Besant ❖ The Leader - Madan Mohan Malviya ❖ The Pioneer - George Allen ❖ Qaumi Awaz - Jawaharlal Nehru and Rafi Ahmed Kidwai ❖ The National Herald - Jawahar Lal Nehru ❖ Mook Nayak - B.R. Ambedkar ❖ Rast Goftar - Dadabhai Nauroji ❖ Comrade - Muhammad Ali ❖ Vande Mataram (English,1906) - by Bipin Chandra Pal and later edited by Sri Aurobindo

Est. of European East India company and their first factories (i) Portuguese – 1498 A.D. (1st factory was established in Cochin in 1503 A.D.) (ii) Dutch – 1602 A.D. (1st factory was established in Masulipatnam in 1605 A.D.) (iii) English – 1600 A.D. (1st factory was established in 1613 in Surat). (iv) French – 1664 A.D. (1st factory was established in 1668 in Surat).

India Meteorological Department (IMD) has completed 150 years Est. on 15 Jan 1875 Functions under the Ministry of Earth Sciences On its 150th Foundation Day, the Prime Minister released the IMD Vision-2047 document and launched ‘Mission Mausam, IMD Vision-2047 - to make India a climate-smart nation Mission Mausam - is a symbol of India’s commitment towards sustainable future and future readiness

1. Fluid Mosaic Model Proposed By: S.J. Singer and Garth Nicolson (1972) Details: This model describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a dynamic and flexible bilayer of lipids with proteins embedded or associated with the surface. 2. Lock and Key Model of Enzyme Action Proposed By: Emil Fischer (1894) Details: Explains enzyme specificity, where the substrate's shape fits exactly into the enzyme's active site, like a key fitting into a lock. 3. Double Helix Model of DNA Proposed By: James Watson and Francis Crick (1953) Details: Revealed that DNA is a double helix made up of two strands wound around each other, held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs (A-T, G-C). 4. Bohr’s Model of the Atom Proposed By: Niels Bohr (1913) Details:=Electrons orbit the nucleus in discrete energy levels or shells. 5. Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom Proposed By: Erwin Schrödinger (1926) Details: Describes electrons as wave-like entities existing in orbitals defined by probability clouds. 6. Wave-Particle Duality Proposed By: Louis de Broglie (1924) Details: Proposed that particles, like electrons, have dual behavior (wave and particle). 7. Einstein’s Mass-Energy Relation Proposed By: Albert Einstein (1905) Details: Defined the equivalence of mass and energy through the famous equation . E=MC^2 8. Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory Proposed By: James Clerk Maxwell (1865) Details: Unified electricity, magnetism, and light as different manifestations of the same phenomenon. 9. Laws of Motion Discoverer: Isaac Newton Year: 1687 10. Coulomb Law F = k q 1 q 2 r 2 where k is the proportionality constant and is equal to 9 × 10^9 Nm^2/C^2. Given by- Charles-Augustin de Coulomb in the year 1784

1. Laws of Motion Discoverer: Isaac Newton Year: 1687 2. Universal Law of Gravitation Discoverer: Isaac Newton Year: 1687 3. Ohm's Law Discoverer: Georg Simon Ohm Year: 1827 4. Electromagnetic Induction Discoverer: Michael Faraday Year: 1831 5. Theory of Relativity Discoverer: Albert Einstein Year: 1905 6. Atomic Theory Discoverer: John Dalton Year: 1803 7. Periodic Table Discoverer: Dmitri Mendeleev Year: 1869 8. Discovery of Oxygen Discoverer: Joseph Priestley Year: 1774 9. Discovery of the Electron Discoverer: J.J. Thomson Year: 1897 10. Discovery of the Proton Discoverer: Ernest Rutherford Year: 1917 11. Discovery of the Neutron Discoverer: James Chadwick Year: 1932 12. Cell Theory Discoverers: Matthias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann Year: 1838-1839 13. Theory of Evolution Discoverer: Charles Darwin Year: 1859 14. Discovery of DNA Structure Discoverers: James Watson & Francis Crick Year: 1953 15. Photosynthesis Discoverer: Jan Ingenhousz Year: 1779 16. Discovery of Penicillin Discoverer: Alexander Fleming Year: 1928 17. Blood Circulation Discoverer: William Harvey Year: 1628 18. Discovery of Hormones Discoverer: William Bayliss & Ernest Starling Year: 1902 19. Greenhouse Effect Discoverer: Svante Arrhenius Year: 1896 20. Discovery of Ozone Layer Discoverer: Charles Fabry & Henri Buisson Year: 1913 21. Big Bang Theory Contributor: Georges Lemaître Year: 1927 22. Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion Discoverer: Johannes Kepler Year: 1609-1619 23. Quantum Theory Contributor: Max Planck Year: 1900 24. Electromagnetic Waves Discoverer: James Clerk Maxwell Year: 1865 25. Periodic Law Discoverer: Dmitri Mendeleev Year: 1869 26. Discovery of Noble Gases Discoverers: William Ramsay Year: 1894-1900

Discovery and Inventions in Biology 1. Microscope: Invented by Zacharias Janssen, 1590 2. Discovery of the Cell: Robert Hooke, 1665 3. Cell Theory: Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, 1838-1839 4. Nucleus: Discovered by Robert Brown, 1831 5. Mitochondria: Discovered by Richard Altmann, 1890 (named by Carl Benda, 1898) 6. Chloroplasts: Discovered by Andreas Schimper, 1883 7. Ribosomes: Discovered by George Palade, 1955 8. Structure of DNA: James Watson and Francis Crick, 1953. 9. Lysosomes: Discovered by Christian de Duve, 1955 10. Golgi Apparatus: Discovered by Camillo Golgi, 1898 11. Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance: Gregor Mendel, 1865 12. Discovery of Mitosis: Walther Flemming, 1882

Medical Discoveries 1. ECG (Electrocardiogram): Willem Einthoven, 1903 (Nobel Prize in 1924). 2. EEG (Electroencephalogram): Hans Berger, 1924. 3. Smallpox Vaccine: Edward Jenner, 1796. 4. Malaria Parasite: Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, 1880 5.Tuberculosis Bacterium: Robert Koch, 1882. 6.Cholera Bacterium: Robert Koch, 1883. 7.Polio Vaccine: Jonas Salk, 1955. 8. BCG Vaccine (Tuberculosis): Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin, 1921. 9. Rabies Vaccine: Louis Pasteur, 1885. 10. Discovery of Insulin: Frederick Banting and Charles Best, 1921. 11. Antibiotics (Penicillin): Alexander Fleming, 1928. 12. Theory of Natural Selection: Charles Darwin, 1859 13. Electron Microscope: Ernst Ruska, 1931. 14. Protoplasm: Term coined by Jan Evangelista Purkyně, 1839. 15. Photosynthesis Process: Jan Ingenhousz, 1779. 16. Blood Circulation: William Harvey, 1628. 17. RNA as Genetic Material: Hershey and Chase, 1952. 18. Endoplasmic Reticulum: Keith Porter, 1945. 19.Discovery of Meiosis: Oscar Hertwig, 1876 20. HIV (AIDS Virus): Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo, 1983. 21. Gene: Term coined by Wilhelm Johannse 22. Genotype and Phenotype: Wilhelm Johannsen, 1909 23. Biology: Term first used by Lamarck and Treviranus, 1802. 24. Ecology: Term coined by Ernst Haeckel, 1866. 25. Chromosomes: Term coined by Waldeyer, 1888. 26 Law of Dominance: Part of Mendel’s laws, 1865. 27. Laws of Inheritance: Gregor Mendel, 1865. 28. Fluid Mosaic Model of Membrane Structure: Singer and Nicolson, 1972 29. Germ Theory of Disease: Louis Pasteur, 1861. 30. Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection: Charles Darwin, 1859. 31. Ecosystem as 'the basic unit in ecology' in 1956 by Francis Evans

Classifications in Biology- Taxonomy Classifications 1. Five Kingdom Classification: Robert Whittaker, 1969 (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia). 2. Binomial Nomenclature: Carolus Linnaeus, 1753. 3. Three Domain System: Carl Woese, 1990 (Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya). 4. Animal Classification (Chordates vs Non-Chordates): Aristotle, 4th Century BCE.

Frequently Asked Facts in Exams: First President: Dr. Rajendra Prasad. First Muslim President: Dr. Zakir Hussain. First Dalit President: K.R. Narayanan. First Woman President: Pratibha Patil. Youngest President: Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (64 years). Longest-Serving President: Dr. Rajendra Prasad (12 years). First Tribal Woman President: Droupadi Murmu. Emergency Declaration: Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed. Operation Blue Star: Giani Zail Singh. Pokhran-II: Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.

Presidents of India with Important Facts for SSC, Railway, and PCS, Exams 1. Dr. Rajendra Prasad (26th Jan 1950 – 13th May 1962) First President of India and longest-serving President. Only President to serve two terms. Played a key role in framing the Indian Constitution. 2. Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (13th May 1962 – 13th May 1967) First Vice President of India. Renowned philosopher and teacher; celebrated as Teacher's Day on 5th September. Served during the Indo-China War (1962). 3. Dr. Zakir Hussain (13th May 1967 – 3rd May 1969) First Muslim President of India. Died in office, making him the first President to pass away during tenure. 4. Varahagiri Venkata Giri Acting President (3rd May 1969 – 20th July 1969). Elected 4th President (24th Aug 1969 – 24th Aug 1974). First President to resign as Vice President to contest for President. Oversaw important reforms like Bank Nationalization and Abolition of Privy Purse. 5. Mohammad Hidayatullah (20th July 1969 – 24th Aug 1969) First Chief Justice of India to become Acting President. 6. Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (24th Aug 1974 – 11th Feb 1977) Second President to die in office. Signed the declaration of Emergency (1975). 7. Basappa Danappa Jatti (11th Feb 1977 – 25th July 1977) Acting President after Fakhruddin’s death. Was the Vice President of India before becoming Acting President. PM Indira Gandhi conducted the Pokhran-I test in 1974 on Buddha Purnima 8. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (25th July 1977 – 25th July 1982) First President elected unopposed. Youngest President of India (at age 64). Served during the tenure of the Janata Party government. 9. Giani Zail Singh (25th July 1982 – 25th July 1987) First Sikh President of India. Served during major events like Operation Blue Star (1984) and Indira Gandhi’s assassination. 10. Ramaswamy Venkataraman (25th July 1987 – 25th July 1992) Served during the economic crisis of 1991 and the introduction of LPG (Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization) reforms. 11. Shankar Dayal Sharma (25th July 1992 – 25th July 1997).” Babri Masjid demolition took place during his tenure (1992). 12. Kocheril Raman Narayanan (25th July 1997 – 25th July 2002) First Dalit President of India. Played an active role during the Kargil War (1999). 13. Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (25th July 2002 – 25th July 2007) Known as the “Missile Man of India.” Played a significant role in Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998 Popularly called the "People's President." 14. Pratibha Patil (25th July 2007 – 25th July 2012) First woman President of India. 15. Pranab Mukherjee (25th July 2012 – 25th July 2017) Implemented GST (Goods and Services Tax). Demonetization implemented in (2016). Received Bharat Ratna posthumously in 2019. 16. Shri Ram Nath Kovind (25th July 2017 – 25th July 2022) Second Dalit President of India. Oversaw significant events like Article 370 Abrogation (2019) and CAA Implementation. Former Governor of Bihar 17. Droupadi Murmu (25th July 2022 – Present) First tribal woman President of India. Former Governor of Jharkhand. G20 Summit hosted by India during her tenure (2023)

❇️ 8 March 👱🏻‍♀International Women’s Day Theme25 - 'For ALL Women and Girls: Rights. Equality. Empowerment' 👩🏻‍🦱 International Women's Day will be celebrated across the world on March 8 to mark the social, economic, cultural, and political achievements of women. 👩🏻‍🦰 For the first time, International Women's Day was celebrated in 1911. 👩🏻National Women's Commission ➖ 1992 🟢 NEWS 🔶 Global Gender Gap Report 2024 India - 129th 🔷 RBI Launches Financial Literacy Week 2025 For Women’s Inclusion 🔶 World Women's Entrepreneur Award - Sangeeta Abhayan Kerala Entrepreneur 🔷 UNESCO Decides To Dedicates 2023 The International Day Of Education To Afghan Girls And Women 🔶 PhonePe Launches ‘Insuring HEROES’ Campaign For International Women’s Day 2025 🔷 National Women’s Day Of India 2024: 13 Feb ( Sarojini Naidu ) 📎 Join and Share : @STUDY247R

7. Education & Research 51. Mid-Day Meal Scheme (1995) – Free school meals. 52. PM eVidya (2020) – Online education platform. 53. National Education Policy (NEP) (2020) – Education system reform. 54. Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) (2013) – Higher education improvement 55. Digital India (2015) – Digital infrastructure development.

6. Health & Sanitation 43. Ayushman Bharat Yojana (PM-JAY) (2018) – Health insurance for poor families. 44. Swachh Bharat Mission (2014) – Clean India initiative. 45. National Health Mission (NHM) (2013) – Universal healthcare. 46. Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) (2008) – Health insurance for BPL families. 47. Jan Aushadhi Yojana (2008) – Affordable medicines. 48. Mission Indradhanush (2014) – Universal immunization. 49. Poshan Abhiyaan (2018) – Malnutrition eradication. 50. National Digital Health Mission (NDHM) (2020) – Digital health records.

5. Employment & Skill Development 36. Skill India Mission (2015) – Vocational training. 37. PM Vishwakarma Yojana (2023) – Support for artisans. 38. Startup India (2016) – Promote entrepreneurship. 39. Mudra Yojana (2015) – Loans for micro-enterprises. 40. Make in India (2014) – Boost manufacturing. 41. PM-DAKSH Scheme (2021) – Skill development for backward classes. 42. PM Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) (2015) – Skill certification.

4. Infrastructure & Urban Development 26. Smart Cities Mission (2015) – Development of 100 smart cities. 27. Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) (2015) – Urban infrastructure. 28. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) (2015) – Affordable housing. 29. Amrit Bharat Station Scheme (2023) – Railway station redevelopment. 30. Bharatmala Pariyojana (2017) – Highway development. 31. Sagarmala Programme (2015) – Port-led development. 32. Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) (2015) – Urban heritage conservation. 33. Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana (DAY-NULM) (2013) – Urban livelihoods. 34. Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission (SPMRM) (2016) – Cluster-based rural development.

Agriculture & Rural Development 16. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) (2019) – Direct income support. 17. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) (2016) – Crop insurance. 18. eNAM (National Agriculture Market) (2016) – Online agricultural trading. 19. Soil Health Card Scheme (2015) – Soil quality assessment. 20. Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) (2007) – Agricultural growth. 21. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) (2014) – Skill training. 22. Aajeevika – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) (2011) – Self-help groups. 23. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) (2000) – Rural road connectivity. 24. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) (2005) – Rural employment. 25. National Rurban Mission (NRuM) (2016) – Urban amenities in rural areas.

2. Women & Child Development 11. Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (2015) – Promote education for girls. 12. Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (2015) – Savings scheme for girl children. 13. Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY) (2017) – Maternity benefits. 14. Ujjawala Scheme (2007) – Combat human trafficking. 15. Mission Poshan 2.0 (2021) – Address malnutrition.

1. Financial Inclusion & Social Security 1. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) (2014) – Financial inclusion for all. 2. Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY) (2015) – Accidental insurance. 3. Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY) (2015) – Life insurance. 4. Atal Pension Yojana (APY) (2015) – Pension scheme for unorganized sector workers. 5. Stand Up India Scheme (2016) – Loans for SC/ST and women entrepreneurs. 6. Mahila Samman Savings Certificate (MSSC) (2023) – Savings scheme for women. 7. Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan (2020) – Economic recovery post-COVID. 8. Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana (PMVVY) (2017) – Pension scheme for senior citizens. 9. National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) (1995) – Social assistance for the poor. 10. Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maandhan (PM-SYM) (2019) – Pension scheme for unorganized workers.

Periodic Table elements and their Properties 1. Lowest electronegativity : Cs 2. Highest electronegativity : F 3. Highest ionization potential : He 4. Lowest ionization potential : Cs 5. Highest electron affinity : Chlorine 6. The radioactive element most commonly detected in humans is: Potassium-40 7. Least electropositive element : F 8. Lowest melting point metal : Hg 9. Highest melting point and boiling point metal : W (Tungsten) 10. Lowest melting point and boiling point non-metal : He 11. Notorious element : Hydrogen 12. Lightest element : Hydrogen 13. Smallest atomic size : H 14. Largest atomic size : Cs 15. Largest anionic size : I– 16. Smallest cation : H+ 17. Most electropositive element : Cs 18. Element with electronegativity next to Fluorine : Oxygen 19. Most abundant element in the universe : Hydrogen 20. Total number of gaseous elements in the periodic table : 11 (H, N, O, F, Cl, He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn) 21.At standard room temperature, only two elements are liquid: Mercury (Hg) and Bromine (Br). Cesium, Rubidium, Francium, and Gallium can become liquid at slightly higher temperatures than room temperature, they are not considered "liquid elements" at standard conditions. 22. Smallest anion : F– 23. Francium is the only radioactive element that is liquid at normal temperature and pressure (NTP). It's also the most electropositive and radioactive element. 24. Most abundant gas in the atmosphere : Nitrogen 25. Volatile d-block elements : Zn, Cd, Hg, Unb 26. Element containing no neutron : H 27. Most abundant element in earth’s crust : Oxygen 28. Rarest element on earth : At (astatine) 29. Most abundant metal in crust earth : Al 30. Elements have a maximum tendency for catenation in periodic table : Carbon 31. Non-metal having the highest melting point, boiling point : Carbon (diamond) 32. Metals showing highest oxidation state : Os (+8) 33. Most abundant d-block metal : Fe 34. Most abundant s-block metal : Ca 35. Strongest base : CsOH 36. Strongest basic oxide : Cs2O 37. Best electricity conductor among metals : Ag 38. Best electricity conductor among non-metals : Graphite 39. Most poisonous element : Polonium (Po)> Pu (Plutonium) 40. Liquid non-metal : Br 41. Element kept in water : Phosphorous (white phosphorus) 43. Elements sublime on heating : I2 44. Noble metals : Au, Pt etc. 45. Amphoteric metal : Be, Zn, Al, Sn, Pb 46. Amphoteric metalloid : Si 47. The six most well-known metalloids are boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and tellurium (Te). 48. Non-metals having metallic lusture : Graphite, Iodine 49. Heaviest naturally occurring element : Uranium 50. Poorest conductor of electricity : Diamond 51. Hardest naturally occurring element : Diamond 52. Lightest solid metal : Li 53. Osmium (Os) is the densest naturally occurring element 54. Dry ice : Solid CO2 55. Technetium (Tc) was the first man-made element, synthesized in 1937. The name comes from the Greek word for "artificial".  56. Smallest period : Ist (2 elements) 57. Largest period in periodic table : 6th (32 elements) 58. Highest density (metals) : Os 59. Highest density (non-metals) : Iodine 60. Uranium is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol U and atomic number 92. There are three naturally occurring isotopes of uranium: Uranium-238, the heaviest and most abundant, uranium-235 and uranium-234. Uranium is found in solid-state at NTP. 61. Cobalt-60: It is a radioactive isotope of cobalt used as a radiation source in many common industrial applications. It is used to treat cancer 62. Iodine-131: It is a radioisotope of Iodine. It is most commonly used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism i.e Thyroid therapy.