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Shakespeare by any other name, and such ‘heresies’  - The Hindu https://www.thehindu.com/books/shakespeare-by-any-other-name-and-such-heresies/article69494751.ece

आज सुबह class 9 बजे से रहेगी। 8 से 9 वाली क्लास नहीं होगी

🔴Gross Value Added (GVA): An Easy Explanation Imagine a bakery. The bakery purchases ingredients like flour, sugar, and milk (these are called inputs). It uses them to bake cakes, which it then sells (output). The value added by the bakery is the difference between the selling price of the cakes and the cost of the ingredients used. In a broader sense, Gross Value Added (GVA) measures the value of goods and services produced in an economy, sector, or industry, after deducting the value of inputs or intermediate goods. GVA Formula: GVA = Value of Output – Value of Intermediate Consumption How GVA Links to GDP: To connect GVA to a country’s total economic performance (GDP), we use the following formula: GVA at Basic Prices + Taxes – Subsidies = GDP at Market Prices This relationship shows how individual sector outputs contribute to the overall economy. Importance of GVA: - It helps identify which sectors of the economy are growing. - It assists the government in designing better economic policies. - It shows the real contribution made by various industries to the economy.

💿Non Performing Assets (NPA)💿 NPAs refer to loans which are in risk of default. Reserve Bank of India (RBI) defines NPAs as below: AN ASSET, INCLUDING A LEASED ASSET, BECOMES NON­-PERFORMING WHEN IT CEASES TO GENERATE INCOME FOR THE BANK. As per guidelines issued by the RBI, banks classify an account as NPA only if the interest due and charged on that account during any quarter is not serviced fully within 90 days from the end of the quarter. Conditions to become NPA An asset becomes NPA when it ceases to generate income for the bank – ➖Term Loan – Interest and/or installment of principal amount remain overdue for more than 90 days ➖Overdraft / Cash Credit – The account remains ‘out of order’ for 90 days ➖Bill – The bill remains overdue for more than 90 days in the case of bills purchased and discounted ➖Short duration crops – The installment of principal or interest remains overdue for 2 crop seasons ➖Long duration crops – The installment of principal or interest remains overdue for 1 crop season ➖Securitisation transaction – The amount of liquidity facility outstanding for more than 90 days ➖Derivative transaction – The overdue receivables representing positive mark-to-market value of a derivative contract, if these remain unpaid for 90 days from the specified due date for payment. Basis of Classification of Non Performing Asset (NPA) Banks are required to classify NPAs into the following 3 categories based on how long do they remain non-performing. The three categories are – Substandard Assets, Doubtful Assets and Loss Assets. ♦️ Substandard Assets – If an account remains as NPA for a period less than or equal to 12 months ♦️ Doubtful Assets – An asset would be classified as doubtful if it has remained in the substandard category for 12 months. ♦️ Loss Asset – A loss Asset is one where loss has been identified by the bank’s internal or external auditors or upon an RBI inspection. Example of NPA We suppose that a party was disbursed a loan on January 1, 2010. Its due date is June 1, 2010. But the party does not make a payment. So ♦️ It will be an Standard Asset from January 1, 2010 till June 1, 2010 (Due Date) ♦️ It will be a Special Mention Account From June 2, 2010 till August 29, 2010 (90 days) ♦️ It will be Sub-standard from August 30, 2010 till August 29, 2011 ♦️ It will be doubtful from August 30, 2011 till August 29, 2012 ♦️ It may remain doubtful Asset for a period of 3 years, beginning from 12 months of being an NPA, but once the auditors identify it as a loss, it will be assigned a loss asset; however, the period may be anything above 3 years

RBI Grade B is for Everyone   Over the years, one of the most frequently asked questions I receive across Telegram, LinkedIn, Facebook, and YouTube is: “Sir, my background is in XYZ – will the RBI select me?” “Am I even eligible or capable of clearing the RBI Grade B exam with my background?” So today, I want to address this question clearly, based on both my personal experience as an ex-Manager at RBI and my 12–13 years of guiding aspirants through the exam process.   First and foremost: RBI Grade B (General) is open to all graduates Yes – all. It doesn’t matter whether you have a degree in Law (LLB), Engineering, Music, Physical Education, Pharmacy, MBBS, BAMS, Arts, Science, Commerce, or anything else. For the Generalist post, RBI has no restriction on academic background. Let me share a few real stories: I know a candidate who did his graduation in Tabla and appeared for the exam. Another student had a degree in Kathakali. Our All India Rank 1 in my batch was an LLB graduate, who later became an IPS officer, and then secured AIR 13 in UPSC to become an IAS officer. We’ve had selections from Pharmacy, BAMS, MBBS, and even English Literature backgrounds. So yes – RBI doesn’t care what degree you hold. They care about how well you prepare, perform, and present yourself.   But what about those with Finance or Economics backgrounds? People often assume they have an edge. The truth is – only a slight academic advantage exists, because some topics in the syllabus may be familiar to them. But let me make this clear: Even if you’ve done an MA in Economics but can’t answer basic questions, it creates a negative impression. On the other hand, someone from English Literature who answers difficult questions confidently can impress the interview panel. So it’s not about what you studied, but how you prepared and how well you understand the subjects now.   Why Engineers & MBAs appear more in selection lists It’s not about preference – it’s about volume and familiarity. Engineers are large in number, and they’ve studied Maths, Reasoning, and English from school and campus placement days. MBAs come from a background of CAT prep and group discussions, so they’re more comfortable with Quant, English, and Presentation. But I’ve seen LLB, CA, BSc, BCom, and even BAMS candidates clear the exam with the right effort.   Let me also highlight some challenges by background CA candidates are extremely strong in Phase 2 (Finance, Management), but many struggle in Phase 1 due to Quant, Reasoning, and English. Pharmacy and Medical students rarely have prior exposure to these areas, but some have still cleared with dedication. Arts students face challenges in Maths/Reasoning, but it's not a disqualification – it just means a smarter strategy is needed. What does the interview panel expect? They expect honesty, clarity, and depth. Even if you're from a non-finance background, you can explain your journey: "Sir, I did my graduation in Physical Education, but later developed interest in public policy and economics. I self-studied and learned the relevant subjects. I'm confident in my preparation." That kind of answer – backed with real knowledge – is what wins them over.   Final Takeaways Your background doesn't matter – your understanding, clarity, and preparation do. All fields are welcome in RBI Grade B – no one is at a disadvantage unless they convince themselves they are. You may have a slight head-start based on subjects studied, but that’s it. No field has a monopoly on success.   Just believe in your preparation, and show your knowledge in Phase 1, Phase 2, and the Interview.   Let’s remove this “infinity complex” about background once and for all.   Wishing you all the very best for your preparation and exams ahead!   Warm regards,

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