BDS 2nd year notes nd books🦷

Mantoux test 0.1 ml of PPD containing 5 TU of PPD- S is injected intradermally into flexor aspect of forearm. A PPD- S dose of 1 TU is used when extreme hypersensitivity is suspected.

Two immunological response develop simultaneously in naturally infected host one is antitubercular immunity and other being tuberculin hypersensitivity

Preanesthetic drugs; Opioids: morphine, pethidine Sedatives and hypnotics: Diazepam Anti- cholinergic: Atropine or Hyoscine Anti- emetics: Metoclopropamide Neuroleptic: Haloperidol(additive analgesia, decrease anxiety and anti emetics)

Shock is a state of acute circulatory failure associated with moderate perfusion of vital tissue. Drugs used in management of acute anaphylactic shock •Sympathomimetics amines; Noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine and dobutamine. • alpha adrenoceptor blocking agents Oxygen Dextran Glucagon Corticosteroid

Types of edema 1. Renal edema • Nephrotic edema • nephritic edema 2. Cardiac edema 3. Pulmonary edema • Hemodynamic edema • irritant edema • acute high altitude edema 4. Cerebral edema • Vasogenic edema • cytotoxic edema • interstitial edema Mechanism of renal edema ÷ Edema in Nephrotic syndrome:

Syphilis It's a veneral disease caused by spirochaetes traponema pallidium Traponema infection is associated with two imp. Antibodies; 1)The Wasserman ab 2)treponemal ab Mode of transmission 1. Sexual intercourse 2. Intimate person to person contact 3.transfusion of infected blood 4. Maternofetal transmissions Stages of acquired syphilis 1) primary syphilis Chancre on genitals n extragenital sites in 2-4 weeks after exposure 2) secondary syphilis Mucocutaneous lesions in mouth, pharynx and vagina 3) tertiary syphilis Lesions are less effective than other two stages.

Agglutination It's defined as the interaction between specific antigen and antibody resulting in clumping. • rxn occur in presence of an electrolyte and at specific pH nd temp •the optimum rxn occurs when ag-ab are equal. • agglutinins- when antigen is present on cell or partical surface, on addition of antibody causes clumping of cells. Application of agglutination rxn: 1)slide agglutination test 2)passive agglutination test 3) antiglobulin (coomb's)test 4)tube agglutination test Slide agglutination test * It demonstrates direct rxn between ag-ab Uses ; A. It's used for cross matching and blood grping B. For identification of unknown bacteria from clinical specimens Eg. Shigella n salmonella 2) passive(indirect) agglutination test; •This involves conversion of precipitation rxn into agglutination rxn , achieved by coating the antigen on the surface of carrier protein. It's more convenient and sensitive method to identify antibodies. The different types of carrier particles used are; •Latex particles •Red cells Example; A) latex agglutination test B) hemagglutination test C) coagglutination test

Gaseous sterilization 1) Ethylene oxide 2) formaldehyde 3)betapropiolactone 1. Ethylene oxide Used for the sterlization of articles which can't withstand high temperature Heart and lungs machines Dental equipment.books Cloths Formaldehyde gas; Used for fumigation of heat sensitive equipment Betapropiolactone It's used by condensation of formaldehyde and ketone Used for sterilization of sera n vaccine

Meningitis Meningitis is a serious infection of the meninges, the membranes covering the brain n spinal cord Viruses causing meningitis are; Arbovirus Herpes simplex Varicella - zoster Coxsackieviruses Echoviruses Measles Mumps Adenovirus Poliovirus

Identification of streptococcus pyogenes A grp A streptococcus (GAS) Identification •culture on sheep blood agar •it shows transparent and smooth colonies that shows areas of beta hemolysis •gram staining: gram positive cocci with short chains Lancefield techniques is used grp hemolytic streptococci Grp A streptococci are identified by fluorescent antibody technique Bacitracin and hydrolyzes PYR are the test that are positive for streptococcus pyogenes Presence of the antigen is determined by agglutination yest

Hybrid composites For better surface smoothness and aesthetic competitive with microfilled composite for anterior restoration. Composition Two kinds of filler particles are employed 1. Colloidal silica; present in higher concentrations 2. Heavy metal glasses; average particle size is 0.6 to 1mm Filler content; 75- 80 wt% or 60- 65%volume Properties Comprehensive strength - 4 times than small particles (250-300 Mpa) Tensile strength - (75- 90Mpa) Elastic modulus four to six times - 7to 12 Gpa Hardness ; greater 55 KHN than unfilled resins Water sorption; sorps less water (0.5 to 0.7mg/cm2) Clinical consideration Anterior restoration, including class 4 because of smooth surface and good strength

Widal test for typhoid fever 🤒

Fatty changes Fatty change is the intracellular accumulation of neutral fat within parenchymal cells . •fatty change neither involve degeneration nor it involve infiltration •deposition of fat is in cytosol and it represents an acute increase in intracellular lipids •it's common in liver and can occur in any non- fatty tissues such as heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, liver Fatty liver Pathogenesis In fatty liver, accumulation of triglycerides can occur due to following defects in normal fat metabolism: •incre • •

Insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents Diabetes mellitus (DM) is diagnosed when: 1) fasting blood glucose exceedes 126 mg\dl Type 1 DM (IDDM)is treated only by insulin whereas in the treatment of type 2 (NIDDM) orally active drugs are tried first in uncomplicated cases. Insulin Secretion of insulin Glucose is the main stimulus for the release of insulin.