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Tɦᥱ fᥙᥒɗᥲⲙᥱᥒᴛᥲᥣ ᧐δjᥱᥴᴛs ᥲrᥱ ᥒ᧐ᴛ ρᥲrᴛiᥴᥣᥱs ᧐r ᥕᥲ᥎ᥱs. Tɦᥱ fᥙᥒɗᥲⲙᥱᥒᴛᥲᥣ ᧐δjᥱᥴᴛ is ᴛɦᥱ fiᥱᥣɗ. Tɦᥱrᥱ is 𐌏𐌽E ᥱᥣᥱᥴᴛr᧐ⲙᥲgᥒᥱᴛiᥴ fiᥱᥣɗ. (Tɦᥱrᥱ is ᥲᥣs᧐ 𐌏𐌽E ᥱᥣᥱᥴᴛr᧐ᥒ fiᥱᥣɗ, ᥱᴛᥴ.) Fiᥱᥣɗs ᥴᥲᥒ ɦᥲ᥎ᥱ ᥣiᴛᴛᥣᥱ ρr᧐ρᥲgᥲᴛiᥒg ɗisᴛᥙrδᥲᥒᥴᥱs iᥒ ᴛɦᥱⲙ. Tɦᥱrᥱ is sᥙᥴɦ ᥲ ᴛɦiᥒg ᥲs ᥲ ⲙiᥒiⲙᥲᥣ ɗisᴛᥙrδᥲᥒᥴᥱ, ᥕɦiᥴɦ is ᥴᥲᥣᥣᥱɗ ᥲ fiᥱᥣɗ qᥙᥲᥒᴛᥙⲙ. Pɦ᧐ᴛ᧐ᥒs ᥲrᥱ ρr᧐ρᥲgᥲᴛiᥒg ⲙiᥒiⲙᥲᥣ ɗisᴛᥙrδᥲᥒᥴᥱs ᧐f ᴛɦᥱ ᥱᥣᥱᥴᴛr᧐ⲙᥲgᥒᥱᴛiᥴ fiᥱᥣɗ. Iᴛ ɦᥲρρᥱᥒs ᴛ᧐ ɦᥲ᥎ᥱ sᴛᥲᴛisᴛiᥴᥲᥣ ρr᧐ρᥱrᴛiᥱs ᴛɦᥲᴛ ⲙᥲrκ ᴛɦᥱⲙ ᥲs δ᧐s᧐ᥒiᥴ fiᥱᥣɗ qᥙᥲᥒᴛᥲ. Eᥣᥱᥴᴛr᧐ᥒs ᥲrᥱ fᥱrⲙi᧐ᥒiᥴ fiᥱᥣɗ qᥙᥲᥒᴛᥲ ᧐f ᴛɦᥱ ᥱᥣᥱᥴᴛr᧐ᥒ fiᥱᥣɗ. Wɦᥲᴛ’s rᥱⲙᥲrκᥲδᥣᥱ is ᴛɦᥲᴛ ᥲ ρr᧐ρᥲgᥲᴛiᥒg ⲙiᥒiⲙᥲᥣ ɗisᴛᥙrδᥲᥒᥴᥱ iᥒ ᴛɦᥱ ᥱᥣᥱᥴᴛr᧐ᥒ fiᥱᥣɗ (I.ᥱ. ᥲᥒ ᥱᥣᥱᥴᴛr᧐ᥒ) ᥴᥲᥒ iᥒɗᥙᥴᥱ ᥲ ρr᧐ρᥲgᥲᴛiᥒg ⲙiᥒiⲙᥲᥣ ɗisᴛᥙrδᥲᥒᥴᥱ iᥒ ᴛɦᥱ ᥱᥣᥱᥴᴛr᧐ⲙᥲgᥒᥱᴛiᥴ fiᥱᥣɗ (i.ᥱ. ᥲ ρɦ᧐ᴛ᧐ᥒ). Tɦis ᥲδiᥣiᴛy ᥕᥱ gi᥎ᥱ ᥲ ᥒᥲⲙᥱ: ᥱᥣᥱᥴᴛriᥴ ᥴɦᥲrgᥱ. Eᥣᥱᥴᴛriᥴ ᥴɦᥲrgᥱ is ᥒ᧐ᴛɦiᥒg ⲙ᧐rᥱ ᴛɦᥲᥒ ᴛɦᥱ ᥲᥴκᥒ᧐ᥕᥣᥱɗgᥱɗ ᥴ᧐ᥒᥒᥱᥴᴛi᧐ᥒ δᥱᴛᥕᥱᥱᥒ ᴛɦᥱ ᥱᥣᥱᥴᴛr᧐ᥒ ᥲᥒɗ ᥱᥣᥱᥴᴛr᧐ⲙᥲgᥒᥱᴛiᥴ fiᥱᥣɗs. (𐌏ᴛɦᥱr fiᥱᥣɗs ᥲᥣs᧐ ɦᥲ᥎ᥱ ᴛɦis ᴛrᥲiᴛ ᥲᥒɗ s᧐ ᥕᥱ sᥲy ᴛɦᥱir qᥙᥲᥒᴛᥲ ᥲrᥱ ᥱᥣᥱᥴᴛriᥴᥲᥣᥣy ᥴɦᥲrgᥱɗ, sᥙᥴɦ ᥲs qᥙᥲrκs.)
🎼<>💗 - 💗<>🎼
Iᥒ ⲙ᧐rᥱ ⲙᥲᴛɦᥱⲙᥲᴛiᥴᥲᥣ ᴛᥱrⲙs, ᥴɦᥲrgᥱ is ᥒ᧐ᴛɦiᥒg ⲙ᧐rᥱ ᴛɦᥲᥒ ᥲ ᥒ᧐ᥒ ᴛri᥎iᥲᥣ rᥱρrᥱsᥱᥒᴛᥲᴛi᧐ᥒ ᧐f ᴛɦᥱ gᥲᥙgᥱ gr᧐ᥙρ ᧐ᥒ sρiᥒ᧐r fiᥱᥣɗs (᧐r sᥴᥲᥣᥲr ⲙᥲᴛᴛᥱr fiᥱᥣɗs if y᧐ᥙ’rᥱ ɗ᧐iᥒg sᥴᥲᥣᥱ QE𑀥).🎼<>💗 - 💗<>🎼
| 2 | https://www.reddit.com/r/JAM_PHYSICS/s/WZHBakh1tF | 229 |
| 3 | ੮ⲏ૯ ੮૯ʀⲙઽ "ɢ૯ⲛ૯ʀɑʟɪⲍ૯ᑯ ⲙ૦ⲙ૯ⲛ੮υⲙ," "ςɑⲛ૦ⲛɪςɑʟ ⲙ૦ⲙ૯ⲛ੮υⲙ," ɑⲛᑯ "ς૦ⲛᴊυɢɑ੮૯ ⲙ૦ⲙ૯ⲛ੮υⲙ" ɑʀ૯ ʀ૯ʟɑ੮૯ᑯ ᑲυ੮ ςɑⲛ ⲏɑν૯ ⲛυɑⲛς૯ᑯ ᑯɪ⨍⨍૯ʀ૯ⲛς૯ઽ ᑯ૯ƿ૯ⲛᑯɪⲛɢ ૦ⲛ ੮ⲏ૯ ς૦ⲛ੮૯ⲭ੮:
1. ɢ૯ⲛ૯ʀɑʟɪⲍ૯ᑯ ⲙ૦ⲙ૯ⲛ੮υⲙ:
- ੮ⲏɪઽ ɪઽ ɑ ᑲʀ૦ɑᑯ ੮૯ʀⲙ υઽ૯ᑯ ɪⲛ ςʟɑઽઽɪςɑʟ ⲙ૯ςⲏɑⲛɪςઽ ɑⲛᑯ ʟɑɢʀɑⲛɢɪɑⲛ ᑯⲩⲛɑⲙɪςઽ.
- ɪ੮ ʀ૯⨍૯ʀઽ ੮૦ ੮ⲏ૯ ⲙ૦ⲙ૯ⲛ੮υⲙ ɑઽઽ૦ςɪɑ੮૯ᑯ ਘɪ੮ⲏ ɢ૯ⲛ૯ʀɑʟɪⲍ૯ᑯ ς૦૦ʀᑯɪⲛɑ੮૯ઽ ʀɑ੮ⲏ૯ʀ ੮ⲏɑⲛ ςɑʀ੮૯ઽɪɑⲛ ς૦૦ʀᑯɪⲛɑ੮૯ઽ.
- ⨍૦ʀ ૯ⲭɑⲙƿʟ૯, ɪ⨍ ⲩ૦υ ⲏɑν૯ ɑ ઽⲩઽ੮૯ⲙ ᑯ૯ઽςʀɪᑲ૯ᑯ ᑲⲩ ƿ૦ʟɑʀ ς૦૦ʀᑯɪⲛɑ੮૯ઽ, ੮ⲏ૯ ɢ૯ⲛ૯ʀɑʟɪⲍ૯ᑯ ⲙ૦ⲙ૯ⲛ੮υⲙ ਘ૦υʟᑯ ᑲ૯ ɑઽઽ૦ςɪɑ੮૯ᑯ ਘɪ੮ⲏ ੮ⲏ૦ઽ૯ ς૦૦ʀᑯɪⲛɑ੮૯ઽ.
2. ςɑⲛ૦ⲛɪςɑʟ ⲙ૦ⲙ૯ⲛ੮υⲙ:
- ςɑⲛ૦ⲛɪςɑʟ ⲙ૦ⲙ૯ⲛ੮υⲙ ɪઽ ઽƿ૯ςɪ⨍ɪςɑʟʟⲩ υઽ૯ᑯ ɪⲛ ੮ⲏ૯ ς૦ⲛ੮૯ⲭ੮ ૦⨍ ⲏɑⲙɪʟ੮૦ⲛɪɑⲛ ⲙ૯ςⲏɑⲛɪςઽ.
- ɪⲛ ⲏɑⲙɪʟ੮૦ⲛɪɑⲛ ⲙ૯ςⲏɑⲛɪςઽ, ⲩ૦υ ⲏɑν૯ ςɑⲛ૦ⲛɪςɑʟ ς૦૦ʀᑯɪⲛɑ੮૯ઽ ɑⲛᑯ ੮ⲏ૯ɪʀ ς૦ⲛᴊυɢɑ੮૯ ⲙ૦ⲙ૯ⲛ੮ɑ. ੮ⲏ૯ ςɑⲛ૦ⲛɪςɑʟ ⲙ૦ⲙ૯ⲛ੮υⲙ ɪઽ ੮ⲏ૯ ⲙ૦ⲙ૯ⲛ੮υⲙ ɑઽઽ૦ςɪɑ੮૯ᑯ ਘɪ੮ⲏ ੮ⲏ૯ ςɑⲛ૦ⲛɪςɑʟ ς૦૦ʀᑯɪⲛɑ੮૯ઽ.
- ੮ⲏ૯ ςɑⲛ૦ⲛɪςɑʟ ⲙ૦ⲙ૯ⲛ੮υⲙ ɪઽ ᑯ૯⨍ɪⲛ૯ᑯ ɑઽ ੮ⲏ૯ ƿɑʀ੮ɪɑʟ ᑯ૯ʀɪνɑ੮ɪν૯ ૦⨍ ੮ⲏ૯ ⲏɑⲙɪʟ੮૦ⲛɪɑⲛ ਘɪ੮ⲏ ʀ૯ઽƿ૯ς੮ ੮૦ ੮ⲏ૯ ς૦ʀʀ૯ઽƿ૦ⲛᑯɪⲛɢ ςɑⲛ૦ⲛɪςɑʟ ς૦૦ʀᑯɪⲛɑ੮૯.
3. ς૦ⲛᴊυɢɑ੮૯ ⲙ૦ⲙ૯ⲛ੮υⲙ:
- "ς૦ⲛᴊυɢɑ੮૯ ⲙ૦ⲙ૯ⲛ੮υⲙ" ɪઽ ɑ ɢ૯ⲛ૯ʀɑʟ ੮૯ʀⲙ ੮ⲏɑ੮ ςɑⲛ ᑲ૯ υઽ૯ᑯ ɪⲛ੮૯ʀςⲏɑⲛɢ૯ɑᑲʟⲩ ਘɪ੮ⲏ "ςɑⲛ૦ⲛɪςɑʟ ⲙ૦ⲙ૯ⲛ੮υⲙ" ɪⲛ ੮ⲏ૯ ς૦ⲛ੮૯ⲭ੮ ૦⨍ ⲏɑⲙɪʟ੮૦ⲛɪɑⲛ ⲙ૯ςⲏɑⲛɪςઽ.
- ɪ੮ ૯ⲙƿⲏɑઽɪⲍ૯ઽ ੮ⲏ૯ ઽƿ૯ςɪɑʟ ʀ૯ʟɑ੮ɪ૦ⲛઽⲏɪƿ ᑲ૯੮ਘ૯૯ⲛ ς૦૦ʀᑯɪⲛɑ੮૯ઽ ɑⲛᑯ ⲙ૦ⲙ૯ⲛ੮ɑ ɪⲛ ੮ⲏ૯ ⲏɑⲙɪʟ੮૦ⲛɪɑⲛ ⨍૦ʀⲙɑʟɪઽⲙ, ਘⲏ૯ʀ૯ ૯ɑςⲏ ς૦૦ʀᑯɪⲛɑ੮૯ ⲏɑઽ ɑ ς૦ʀʀ૯ઽƿ૦ⲛᑯɪⲛɢ ς૦ⲛᴊυɢɑ੮૯ ⲙ૦ⲙ૯ⲛ੮υⲙ.
ɪⲛ ઽυⲙⲙɑʀⲩ, ਘⲏɪʟ૯ "ɢ૯ⲛ૯ʀɑʟɪⲍ૯ᑯ ⲙ૦ⲙ૯ⲛ੮υⲙ" ɪઽ ɑ ᑲʀ૦ɑᑯ૯ʀ ੮૯ʀⲙ ૯ⲛς૦ⲙƿɑઽઽɪⲛɢ ⲙ૦ⲙ૯ⲛ੮υⲙ ɑઽઽ૦ςɪɑ੮૯ᑯ ਘɪ੮ⲏ ɢ૯ⲛ૯ʀɑʟɪⲍ૯ᑯ ς૦૦ʀᑯɪⲛɑ੮૯ઽ, "ςɑⲛ૦ⲛɪςɑʟ ⲙ૦ⲙ૯ⲛ੮υⲙ" ɑⲛᑯ "ς૦ⲛᴊυɢɑ੮૯ ⲙ૦ⲙ૯ⲛ੮υⲙ" ɑʀ૯ ⲙ૦ʀ૯ ઽƿ૯ςɪ⨍ɪς, ਘɪ੮ⲏ ੮ⲏ૯ ʟɑ੮੮૯ʀ ૦⨍੮૯ⲛ ᑲ૯ɪⲛɢ υઽ૯ᑯ ɪⲛ੮૯ʀςⲏɑⲛɢ૯ɑᑲʟⲩ ਘɪ੮ⲏ ੮ⲏ૯ ⨍૦ʀⲙ૯ʀ ɪⲛ ੮ⲏ૯ ς૦ⲛ੮૯ⲭ੮ ૦⨍ ⲏɑⲙɪʟ੮૦ⲛɪɑⲛ ⲙ૯ςⲏɑⲛɪςઽ. | 2 042 |
| 4 | 🦋 𝑀♡𝓂𝑒𝓃𝓉𝓊𝓂 𝐼𝓃 𝒞𝓁𝒶𝓈𝓈𝒾𝒸𝒶𝓁 𝑀𝑒𝒸𝒽𝒶𝓃𝒾𝒸𝓈 𝒟𝑒𝓂𝓎𝓈𝓉𝒾𝒻𝒾𝑒𝒹 🦋 | 1 535 |
| 5 | 🪢 Why ʍiᴄᴀ shᴇᴇᴛ is usᴇd during whiᴛᴇ lighᴛ in Miᴄhᴇlsᴏn Inᴛᴇrfᴇrᴏʍᴇᴛᴇr?
✍️(◔◡◔) - (◔◡◔)✍️
🩵 Miᴄᴀ shᴇᴇᴛs ᴀrᴇ sᴏʍᴇᴛiʍᴇs usᴇd in Miᴄhᴇlsᴏn inᴛᴇrfᴇrᴏʍᴇᴛᴇrs whᴇn wᴏrᴋing wiᴛh whiᴛᴇ lighᴛ ᴛᴏ inᴛrᴏduᴄᴇ ᴄᴏnᴛrᴏllᴇd ᴀnd ᴀdjusᴛᴀʙlᴇ ᴩᴀᴛh diffᴇrᴇnᴄᴇs ʙᴇᴛwᴇᴇn ᴛhᴇ ᴛwᴏ ᴀrʍs ᴏf ᴛhᴇ inᴛᴇrfᴇrᴏʍᴇᴛᴇr. This is dᴏnᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴏʙsᴇrvᴇ inᴛᴇrfᴇrᴇnᴄᴇ fringᴇs fᴏr diffᴇrᴇnᴛ ᴄᴏlᴏrs (wᴀvᴇlᴇngᴛhs) ᴏf lighᴛ siʍulᴛᴀnᴇᴏusly.
Miᴄᴀ hᴀs ᴛhᴇ ᴩrᴏᴩᴇrᴛy ᴏf ʙirᴇfringᴇnᴄᴇ, whiᴄh ʍᴇᴀns iᴛ hᴀs ᴛwᴏ diffᴇrᴇnᴛ rᴇfrᴀᴄᴛivᴇ indiᴄᴇs fᴏr lighᴛ ᴩᴏlᴀrizᴇd in diffᴇrᴇnᴛ dirᴇᴄᴛiᴏns. By ᴄᴀrᴇfully sᴇlᴇᴄᴛing ᴀnd ᴏriᴇnᴛing ᴀ ʍiᴄᴀ shᴇᴇᴛ, ᴏnᴇ ᴄᴀn ᴇxᴩlᴏiᴛ ᴛhis ʙirᴇfringᴇnᴄᴇ ᴛᴏ inᴛrᴏduᴄᴇ ᴀ ᴄᴏnᴛrᴏllᴇd ᴩᴀᴛh diffᴇrᴇnᴄᴇ fᴏr diffᴇrᴇnᴛ ᴄᴏlᴏrs ᴏf lighᴛ. This ᴀllᴏws rᴇsᴇᴀrᴄhᴇrs ᴛᴏ sᴛudy inᴛᴇrfᴇrᴇnᴄᴇ ᴩᴀᴛᴛᴇrns ᴀᴄrᴏss ᴀ rᴀngᴇ ᴏf wᴀvᴇlᴇngᴛhs, whiᴄh is ᴩᴀrᴛiᴄulᴀrly usᴇful whᴇn wᴏrᴋing wiᴛh whiᴛᴇ lighᴛ ᴛhᴀᴛ ᴄᴏnsisᴛs ᴏf ᴀ sᴩᴇᴄᴛruʍ ᴏf ᴄᴏlᴏrs.
Thᴇ ʍiᴄᴀ shᴇᴇᴛ ᴄᴀn ʙᴇ ᴀdjusᴛᴇd ᴛᴏ ᴩrᴏduᴄᴇ inᴛᴇrfᴇrᴇnᴄᴇ fringᴇs fᴏr sᴩᴇᴄifiᴄ ᴄᴏlᴏrs, ᴇnᴀʙling dᴇᴛᴀilᴇd invᴇsᴛigᴀᴛiᴏns ᴏf ᴩhᴇnᴏʍᴇnᴀ liᴋᴇ disᴩᴇrsiᴏn (vᴀriᴀᴛiᴏn ᴏf rᴇfrᴀᴄᴛivᴇ indᴇx wiᴛh wᴀvᴇlᴇngᴛh) ᴀnd hᴇlᴩing in ᴛhᴇ ᴀnᴀlysis ᴏf whiᴛᴇ lighᴛ inᴛᴇrfᴇrᴇnᴄᴇ. | 2 398 |
| 6 | 🪢 Why glᴀss shᴇᴇᴛ is usᴇd in Miᴄhᴇlsᴏn inᴛᴇrfᴇrᴏʍᴇᴛᴇr ?
✍️(◔◡◔) - (◔◡◔)✍️
🩵In ᴛhᴇ Miᴄhᴇlsᴏn inᴛᴇrfᴇrᴏʍᴇᴛᴇr, ᴀ glᴀss shᴇᴇᴛ, ᴋnᴏwn ᴀs ᴀ "ᴄᴏʍᴩᴇnsᴀᴛing ᴩlᴀᴛᴇ" ᴏr "ᴄᴏʍᴩᴇnsᴀᴛᴏr," is ᴏfᴛᴇn inᴛrᴏduᴄᴇd ᴛᴏ ᴄᴏʍᴩᴇnsᴀᴛᴇ fᴏr ᴛhᴇ diffᴇrᴇnᴄᴇ in ᴏᴩᴛiᴄᴀl ᴩᴀᴛh lᴇngᴛh ʙᴇᴛwᴇᴇn ᴛhᴇ ᴛwᴏ ᴀrʍs ᴏf ᴛhᴇ inᴛᴇrfᴇrᴏʍᴇᴛᴇr. This diffᴇrᴇnᴄᴇ ᴄᴀn ᴀrisᴇ duᴇ ᴛᴏ vᴀriᴀᴛiᴏns in ᴛhᴇ rᴇfrᴀᴄᴛivᴇ indᴇx ᴏf ᴛhᴇ ʍᴇdiuʍ ᴛhrᴏugh whiᴄh lighᴛ ᴛrᴀvᴇls.
Whᴇn lighᴛ ᴩᴀssᴇs ᴛhrᴏugh diffᴇrᴇnᴛ ʍᴀᴛᴇriᴀls, iᴛs sᴩᴇᴇd ᴄhᴀngᴇs, ᴄᴀusing ᴀ ᴩhᴀsᴇ shifᴛ. Thᴇ glᴀss ᴄᴏʍᴩᴇnsᴀᴛing ᴩlᴀᴛᴇ inᴛrᴏduᴄᴇs ᴀn ᴀddiᴛiᴏnᴀl ᴩhᴀsᴇ shifᴛ in ᴏnᴇ ᴏf ᴛhᴇ inᴛᴇrfᴇrᴏʍᴇᴛᴇr ᴀrʍs ᴛᴏ ᴇquᴀlizᴇ ᴛhᴇ ᴩhᴀsᴇ in ʙᴏᴛh ᴀrʍs. This is ᴄruᴄiᴀl fᴏr ᴀᴄhiᴇving inᴛᴇrfᴇrᴇnᴄᴇ ᴩᴀᴛᴛᴇrns, ᴀs inᴛᴇrfᴇrᴇnᴄᴇ dᴇᴩᴇnds ᴏn ᴛhᴇ ᴄᴏhᴇrᴇnᴄᴇ ᴏf ᴛhᴇ lighᴛ wᴀvᴇs.
Thᴇ ᴄᴏʍᴩᴇnsᴀᴛing ᴩlᴀᴛᴇ ᴇnsurᴇs ᴛhᴀᴛ ᴛhᴇ inᴛᴇrfᴇrᴏʍᴇᴛᴇr is ᴏᴩᴇrᴀᴛing ᴀᴛ ᴀ sᴩᴇᴄifiᴄ wᴀvᴇlᴇngᴛh ᴏr ᴄᴏlᴏr, fᴀᴄiliᴛᴀᴛing ᴀᴄᴄurᴀᴛᴇ inᴛᴇrfᴇrᴇnᴄᴇ ʍᴇᴀsurᴇʍᴇnᴛs, suᴄh ᴀs in ᴛhᴇ dᴇᴛᴇrʍinᴀᴛiᴏn ᴏf wᴀvᴇlᴇngᴛhs ᴏr ᴛhᴇ dᴇᴛᴇᴄᴛiᴏn ᴏf sʍᴀll ᴄhᴀngᴇs in ᴏᴩᴛiᴄᴀl ᴩᴀᴛh lᴇngᴛh. | 2 229 |
| 7 | 🪢 Why ᴄirᴄulᴀr fringᴇs ᴀrᴇ nᴏᴛ sᴇᴇn wiᴛh whiᴛᴇ lighᴛ?
✍️(◔◡◔) - (◔◡◔)✍️
🩵 Cirᴄulᴀr fringᴇs, suᴄh ᴀs ᴛhᴏsᴇ ᴏʙsᴇrvᴇd in Nᴇwᴛᴏn's rings, ᴀrᴇ inᴛᴇrfᴇrᴇnᴄᴇ ᴩᴀᴛᴛᴇrns ᴄᴀusᴇd ʙy ᴛhᴇ inᴛᴇrᴀᴄᴛiᴏn ᴏf lighᴛ wᴀvᴇs. In ᴛhᴇ ᴄᴀsᴇ ᴏf whiᴛᴇ lighᴛ, whiᴄh ᴄᴏnsisᴛs ᴏf ᴀ sᴩᴇᴄᴛruʍ ᴏf ᴄᴏlᴏrs, diffᴇrᴇnᴛ wᴀvᴇlᴇngᴛhs inᴛᴇrfᴇrᴇ ᴀᴛ vᴀrying ᴀnglᴇs, lᴇᴀding ᴛᴏ ᴀ ᴄᴏʍᴩlᴇx ᴩᴀᴛᴛᴇrn ᴏf ᴏvᴇrlᴀᴩᴩing fringᴇs. This rᴇsulᴛs in ᴀ ʙlurrᴇd ᴀnd ᴄᴏlᴏrᴇd ᴀᴩᴩᴇᴀrᴀnᴄᴇ, ʍᴀᴋing iᴛ ᴄhᴀllᴇnging ᴛᴏ ᴏʙsᴇrvᴇ disᴛinᴄᴛ ᴄirᴄulᴀr fringᴇs wiᴛh whiᴛᴇ lighᴛ. Mᴏnᴏᴄhrᴏʍᴀᴛiᴄ lighᴛ, wiᴛh ᴀ singlᴇ wᴀvᴇlᴇngᴛh, is ᴛyᴩiᴄᴀlly usᴇd ᴛᴏ ᴇnhᴀnᴄᴇ ᴛhᴇ visiʙiliᴛy ᴏf inᴛᴇrfᴇrᴇnᴄᴇ ᴩᴀᴛᴛᴇrns. | 2 180 |
| 8 | 🪼 𝓣𝓱𝓮 𝓜𝓲𝓬𝓱𝓮𝓵𝓼𝓸𝓷 𝓘𝓷𝓽𝓮𝓻𝓯𝓮𝓻𝓸𝓶𝓮𝓽𝓮𝓻 𝓓𝓮𝓶𝔂𝓼𝓽𝓲𝓯𝓲𝓮𝓭 🪼 | 1 800 |
| 9 | 🪼 𝕿𝖍𝖊 𝕹𝖚𝖈𝖑𝖊𝖆𝖗 𝕽𝖆𝖉𝖎𝖚𝖘 𝕯𝖊𝖒𝖞𝖘𝖙𝖎𝖋𝖎𝖊𝖉 🪼
-漫~*'¨¯¨'*·舞~ - ~舞*'¨¯¨'*·~漫-
Thᴇ nuᴄlᴇᴀr rᴀdius, ᴏfᴛᴇn rᴇᴩrᴇsᴇnᴛᴇd ᴀs \( R \), is ᴀ fundᴀʍᴇnᴛᴀl ᴩrᴏᴩᴇrᴛy ᴛhᴀᴛ ᴄhᴀrᴀᴄᴛᴇrizᴇs ᴛhᴇ sizᴇ ᴏf ᴀn ᴀᴛᴏʍiᴄ nuᴄlᴇus. Whilᴇ ᴛhᴇrᴇ isn'ᴛ ᴀ singlᴇ fᴏrʍulᴀ ᴛhᴀᴛ ᴩᴇrfᴇᴄᴛly dᴇsᴄriʙᴇs ᴛhᴇ nuᴄlᴇᴀr rᴀdius duᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴛhᴇ ᴄᴏʍᴩlᴇxiᴛy ᴏf nuᴄlᴇᴀr sᴛruᴄᴛurᴇ, sᴇvᴇrᴀl ᴛhᴇᴏrᴇᴛiᴄᴀl ʍᴏdᴇls ᴀnd ᴇʍᴩiriᴄᴀl ᴏʙsᴇrvᴀᴛiᴏns ᴩrᴏvidᴇ insighᴛs inᴛᴏ ᴇsᴛiʍᴀᴛing ᴛhis quᴀnᴛiᴛy.
Onᴇ ᴄᴏʍʍᴏnly usᴇd ᴀᴩᴩrᴏᴀᴄh ᴛᴏ ᴇsᴛiʍᴀᴛᴇ ᴛhᴇ nuᴄlᴇᴀr rᴀdius invᴏlvᴇs ᴛhᴇ Liquid Drᴏᴩ Mᴏdᴇl, whiᴄh ᴄᴏnsidᴇrs ᴛhᴇ nuᴄlᴇus ᴀs ᴀ drᴏᴩlᴇᴛ ᴏf inᴄᴏʍᴩrᴇssiʙlᴇ fluid. Aᴄᴄᴏrding ᴛᴏ ᴛhis ʍᴏdᴇl, ᴛhᴇ nuᴄlᴇᴀr rᴀdius \( R \) ᴄᴀn ʙᴇ ᴀᴩᴩrᴏxiʍᴀᴛᴇd ᴀs:
\[ R = R_0 \ᴄdᴏᴛ A^{1/3} \]
Hᴇrᴇ, \( R_0 \) is ᴀn ᴇʍᴩiriᴄᴀl ᴄᴏnsᴛᴀnᴛ (ᴛyᴩiᴄᴀlly ᴀrᴏund 1.2 - 1.3 fᴇʍᴛᴏʍᴇᴛᴇrs) ᴀnd \( A \) is ᴛhᴇ ʍᴀss nuʍʙᴇr, rᴇᴩrᴇsᴇnᴛing ᴛhᴇ ᴛᴏᴛᴀl nuʍʙᴇr ᴏf ᴩrᴏᴛᴏns ᴀnd nᴇuᴛrᴏns in ᴛhᴇ nuᴄlᴇus.
Hᴏwᴇvᴇr, ᴛhis fᴏrʍulᴀ is ᴀ ᴄrudᴇ ᴀᴩᴩrᴏxiʍᴀᴛiᴏn ᴀnd dᴏᴇsn'ᴛ ᴄᴀᴩᴛurᴇ ᴛhᴇ full ᴄᴏʍᴩlᴇxiᴛy ᴏf nuᴄlᴇᴀr sᴛruᴄᴛurᴇ. Oᴛhᴇr ʍᴏdᴇls, suᴄh ᴀs ᴛhᴇ Shᴇll Mᴏdᴇl ᴀnd ᴛhᴇ Dᴇnsiᴛy Funᴄᴛiᴏnᴀl Thᴇᴏry (DFT), ᴩrᴏvidᴇ ʍᴏrᴇ dᴇᴛᴀilᴇd dᴇsᴄriᴩᴛiᴏns ʙuᴛ invᴏlvᴇ inᴛriᴄᴀᴛᴇ ʍᴀᴛhᴇʍᴀᴛiᴄᴀl fᴏrʍᴀlisʍ ᴀnd ᴄᴏʍᴩuᴛᴀᴛiᴏnᴀl ʍᴇᴛhᴏds.
Thᴇ Shᴇll Mᴏdᴇl, ʙᴀsᴇd ᴏn quᴀnᴛuʍ ʍᴇᴄhᴀniᴄs, dᴇsᴄriʙᴇs nuᴄlᴇᴏns (ᴩrᴏᴛᴏns ᴀnd nᴇuᴛrᴏns) ᴏᴄᴄuᴩying disᴄrᴇᴛᴇ ᴇnᴇrgy lᴇvᴇls wiᴛhin ᴛhᴇ nuᴄlᴇus, siʍilᴀr ᴛᴏ ᴇlᴇᴄᴛrᴏns in ᴀᴛᴏʍiᴄ ᴏrʙiᴛᴀls. Hᴏwᴇvᴇr, dᴇriving ᴀ dirᴇᴄᴛ fᴏrʍulᴀ fᴏr ᴛhᴇ nuᴄlᴇᴀr rᴀdius frᴏʍ ᴛhᴇ Shᴇll Mᴏdᴇl invᴏlvᴇs ᴄᴏʍᴩlᴇx quᴀnᴛuʍ ʍᴇᴄhᴀniᴄᴀl ᴄᴀlᴄulᴀᴛiᴏns ᴀnd isn'ᴛ sᴛrᴀighᴛfᴏrwᴀrd.
Dᴇnsiᴛy Funᴄᴛiᴏnᴀl Thᴇᴏry (DFT) is ᴀnᴏᴛhᴇr ᴀᴩᴩrᴏᴀᴄh usᴇd ᴛᴏ dᴇsᴄriʙᴇ ᴛhᴇ ᴩrᴏᴩᴇrᴛiᴇs ᴏf ᴀᴛᴏʍiᴄ nuᴄlᴇi, inᴄluding ᴛhᴇir sizᴇ. DFT ᴀiʍs ᴛᴏ find ᴛhᴇ ᴇnᴇrgy ᴏf ᴀ sysᴛᴇʍ ʙy ᴄᴏnsidᴇring ᴛhᴇ ᴇlᴇᴄᴛrᴏn dᴇnsiᴛy ᴀs ᴛhᴇ fundᴀʍᴇnᴛᴀl vᴀriᴀʙlᴇ. Nuᴄlᴇᴀr dᴇnsiᴛy disᴛriʙuᴛiᴏns ᴄᴀn ʙᴇ ᴇxᴛrᴀᴄᴛᴇd frᴏʍ ᴛhis ᴛhᴇᴏry, ᴩrᴏviding infᴏrʍᴀᴛiᴏn ᴀʙᴏuᴛ nuᴄlᴇᴀr rᴀdii.
Exᴩᴇriʍᴇnᴛᴀl ᴛᴇᴄhniquᴇs ᴩlᴀy ᴀ signifiᴄᴀnᴛ rᴏlᴇ in dᴇᴛᴇrʍining nuᴄlᴇᴀr sizᴇs. Sᴄᴀᴛᴛᴇring ᴇxᴩᴇriʍᴇnᴛs, whᴇrᴇ ᴩᴀrᴛiᴄlᴇs liᴋᴇ ᴇlᴇᴄᴛrᴏns ᴏr ᴀlᴩhᴀ ᴩᴀrᴛiᴄlᴇs ᴀrᴇ sᴄᴀᴛᴛᴇrᴇd ᴏff ᴛhᴇ nuᴄlᴇus, ᴩrᴏvidᴇ infᴏrʍᴀᴛiᴏn ᴀʙᴏuᴛ ᴛhᴇ sizᴇ ᴀnd ᴄhᴀrgᴇ disᴛriʙuᴛiᴏn ᴏf ᴛhᴇ nuᴄlᴇus. Thᴇ dᴀᴛᴀ ᴏʙᴛᴀinᴇd frᴏʍ ᴛhᴇsᴇ ᴇxᴩᴇriʍᴇnᴛs ᴀrᴇ ᴏfᴛᴇn ᴀnᴀlyzᴇd using ʍᴀᴛhᴇʍᴀᴛiᴄᴀl ʍᴏdᴇls ᴛᴏ infᴇr ᴛhᴇ nuᴄlᴇᴀr rᴀdius.
In suʍʍᴀry, whilᴇ ᴛhᴇrᴇ ᴀrᴇ ᴇʍᴩiriᴄᴀl fᴏrʍulᴀs liᴋᴇ ᴛhᴇ ᴏnᴇ frᴏʍ ᴛhᴇ Liquid Drᴏᴩ Mᴏdᴇl ᴛhᴀᴛ ᴩrᴏvidᴇ rᴏugh ᴇsᴛiʍᴀᴛᴇs ᴏf nuᴄlᴇᴀr rᴀdius, ᴀ dᴇᴛᴀilᴇd ʍᴀᴛhᴇʍᴀᴛiᴄᴀl ᴀnᴀlysis ᴏf ᴛhᴇ nuᴄlᴇᴀr rᴀdius invᴏlvᴇs ᴄᴏʍᴩlᴇx quᴀnᴛuʍ ʍᴇᴄhᴀniᴄᴀl ᴀnd ᴄᴏʍᴩuᴛᴀᴛiᴏnᴀl ʍᴇᴛhᴏds. Thᴇ inᴛriᴄᴀᴄiᴇs ᴏf nuᴄlᴇᴀr sᴛruᴄᴛurᴇ ʍᴀᴋᴇ iᴛ ᴄhᴀllᴇnging ᴛᴏ dᴇrivᴇ ᴀ siʍᴩlᴇ, univᴇrsᴀlly ᴀᴩᴩliᴄᴀʙlᴇ ʍᴀᴛhᴇʍᴀᴛiᴄᴀl fᴏrʍulᴀ fᴏr nuᴄlᴇᴀr rᴀdius wiᴛhᴏuᴛ rᴇlying ᴏn ᴇxᴩᴇriʍᴇnᴛᴀl dᴀᴛᴀ ᴏr sᴏᴩhisᴛiᴄᴀᴛᴇd ᴛhᴇᴏrᴇᴛiᴄᴀl ʍᴏdᴇls.
-漫~*'¨¯¨'*·舞~ - ~舞*'¨¯¨'*·~漫- | 1 793 |
| 10 | ☀❤◕ ‿ ◕☀ - ☀◕ ‿ ◕❤☀
Gauge bosons are particles that mediate the fundamental forces in the Standard Model of particle physics. They include:
1. Photon (γ):
- Force Mediated: Electromagnetic force.
- Interaction: Responsible for electromagnetic interactions between charged particles.
2. W and Z Bosons (W+, W-, Z0):
- Force Mediated: Weak nuclear force.
- W Bosons (W+, W-): Involved in processes like beta decay.
- Z Boson (Z0): Mediates neutral current interactions.
3. Gluons (g):
- Force Mediated: Strong nuclear force (Quantum Chromodynamics).
- Interaction: Bind quarks together within protons, neutrons, and other hadrons.
4. W', Z', and other hypothetical bosons:
- Force Mediated: Various theoretical extensions beyond the Standard Model propose additional gauge bosons.
Understanding the properties and interactions of these gauge bosons is essential for comprehending the behavior of particles and forces in the universe.
☀❤◕ ‿ ◕☀ - ☀◕ ‿ ◕❤☀ | 1 219 |
| 11 | ♛꧁💖💞༒𓆩 - 𓆪༒💕💖꧂♛•°
Let's delve into the detailed analysis of different types of fermions:
1. Up Quark (u):
- Charge: +2/3e
- Mass: Around 2.2 MeV/c²
- Role: Constituent of protons and neutrons, participates in strong and electromagnetic interactions.
2. Down Quark (d):
- Charge: -1/3e
- Mass: Around 4.7 MeV/c²
- Role: Combines with up quarks to form protons and neutrons, engages in strong and electromagnetic interactions.
3. Charm Quark (c):
- Charge: +2/3e
- Mass: About 1.27 GeV/c²
- Role: Involved in higher-energy processes, can form charmed mesons and baryons.
4. Strange Quark (s):
- Charge: -1/3e
- Mass: Approximately 95 MeV/c²
- Role: Found in strange mesons and baryons, contributes to flavor-changing weak interactions.
5. Top Quark (t):
- Charge: +2/3e
- Mass: Around 172 GeV/c²
- Role: Heaviest quark, very short lifetime, plays a crucial role in high-energy processes.
6. Bottom Quark (b):
- Charge: -1/3e
- Mass: About 4.18 GeV/c²
- Role: Combines with other quarks to form hadrons, involved in weak and electromagnetic interactions.
Leptons:
1. Electron (e):
- Charge: -e
- Mass: Around 0.511 MeV/c²
- Role: Fundamental component of atoms, participates in electromagnetic interactions.
2. Muon (μ):
- Charge: -e
- Mass: About 106 MeV/c²
- Role: Similar to electrons but heavier, produced in cosmic ray interactions.
3. Tau (τ):
- Charge: -e
- Mass: Roughly 1.78 GeV/c²
- Role: Heavier lepton, involved in processes at higher energies.
Neutrinos:
1. Electron Neutrino (νe):
- Charge: Neutral
- Mass: Very small (much less than 1 eV/c²)
- Role: Associated with electron, participates in weak interactions.
2. Muon Neutrino (νμ):
- Charge: Neutral
- Mass: Very small
- Role: Associated with muon, involved in weak interactions.
3. Tau Neutrino (ντ):
- Charge: Neutral
- Mass: Very small
- Role: Associated with tau, participates in weak interactions.
These fermions form the building blocks of matter and interact through fundamental forces, as described by the Standard Model of particle physics.
♛꧁💖💞༒𓆩 - 𓆪༒💕💖꧂♛•° | 1 083 |
| 12 | ｡･ﾟ♡ﾟ･｡🌹✴️ [ - ] ✴️🌹｡･ﾟ♡ﾟ･｡
Particle classification in high-energy physics involves categorizing subatomic particles based on their properties. Broadly, particles fall into two categories: fermions and bosons. Fermions, like quarks and leptons, obey Fermi-Dirac statistics and make up matter. Bosons, such as photons and W/Z bosons, follow Bose-Einstein statistics and mediate forces.
Fermions:
1. Quarks: Six types (up, down, charm, strange, top, bottom), combine to form protons, neutrons, and other hadrons.
2. Leptons: Include electrons, muons, and tau particles, each with a corresponding neutrino. They do not experience strong force.
Bosons:
1. Gauge Bosons: Mediate fundamental forces.
- Photon (electromagnetic force)
- Gluons (strong force)
- W/Z bosons (weak force)
2. Scalar Boson:
- Higgs boson: Gives mass to particles via the Higgs mechanism.
Composite Particles:
1. Hadrons: Composed of quarks.
- Baryons (e.g., protons, neutrons): Three quarks.
- Mesons: Quark-antiquark pairs.
Exotic Particles:
1. Pentaquarks: Combinations of four quarks and one antiquark.
2. Tetraquarks: Four quarks.
3. Leptoquarks: Hypothetical particles coupling quarks and leptons.
Beyond the Standard Model:
1. Dark Matter Particles: Hypothetical particles causing gravitational effects.
2. Supersymmetric Particles: Predicted by supersymmetry theory, partner particles for known ones.
Experimental Methods:
1. Particle Accelerators: Large facilities like the LHC accelerate particles to high energies.
2. Detectors: Instruments like CMS and ATLAS at the LHC observe particle interactions.
Particle physics is dynamic, with ongoing discoveries and refinements to our understanding.
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| 13 | https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaCNhMFBPzjVWsqFSl0k | 100 |
| 14 | ｡･ﾟ♡ﾟ･｡🌹✴️ [ - ] ✴️🌹｡･ﾟ♡ﾟ･｡
ƿɑʀ੮ɪςʟ૯ ςʟɑઽઽɪ⨍ɪςɑ੮ɪ૦ⲛ ɪⲛ ⲏɪɢⲏ-૯ⲛ૯ʀɢⲩ ƿⲏⲩઽɪςઽ ɪⲛν૦ʟν૯ઽ ςɑ੮૯ɢ૦ʀɪⲍɪⲛɢ ઽυᑲɑ੮૦ⲙɪς ƿɑʀ੮ɪςʟ૯ઽ ᑲɑઽ૯ᑯ ૦ⲛ ੮ⲏ૯ɪʀ ƿʀ૦ƿ૯ʀ੮ɪ૯ઽ. ᑲʀ૦ɑᑯʟⲩ, ƿɑʀ੮ɪςʟ૯ઽ ⨍ɑʟʟ ɪⲛ੮૦ ੮ਘ૦ ςɑ੮૯ɢ૦ʀɪ૯ઽ: ⨍૯ʀⲙɪ૦ⲛઽ ɑⲛᑯ ᑲ૦ઽ૦ⲛઽ. ⨍૯ʀⲙɪ૦ⲛઽ, ʟɪκ૯ વυɑʀκઽ ɑⲛᑯ ʟ૯ƿ੮૦ⲛઽ, ૦ᑲ૯ⲩ ⨍૯ʀⲙɪ-ᑯɪʀɑς ઽ੮ɑ੮ɪઽ੮ɪςઽ ɑⲛᑯ ⲙɑκ૯ υƿ ⲙɑ੮੮૯ʀ. ᑲ૦ઽ૦ⲛઽ, ઽυςⲏ ɑઽ ƿⲏ૦੮૦ⲛઽ ɑⲛᑯ ਘ/ⲍ ᑲ૦ઽ૦ⲛઽ, ⨍૦ʟʟ૦ਘ ᑲ૦ઽ૯-૯ɪⲛઽ੮૯ɪⲛ ઽ੮ɑ੮ɪઽ੮ɪςઽ ɑⲛᑯ ⲙ૯ᑯɪɑ੮૯ ⨍૦ʀς૯ઽ.
⨍૯ʀⲙɪ૦ⲛઽ:
1. વυɑʀκઽ: ઽɪⲭ ੮ⲩƿ૯ઽ (υƿ, ᑯ૦ਘⲛ, ςⲏɑʀⲙ, ઽ੮ʀɑⲛɢ૯, ੮૦ƿ, ᑲ૦੮੮૦ⲙ), ς૦ⲙᑲɪⲛ૯ ੮૦ ⨍૦ʀⲙ ƿʀ૦੮૦ⲛઽ, ⲛ૯υ੮ʀ૦ⲛઽ, ɑⲛᑯ ૦੮ⲏ૯ʀ ⲏɑᑯʀ૦ⲛઽ.
2. ʟ૯ƿ੮૦ⲛઽ: ɪⲛςʟυᑯ૯ ૯ʟ૯ς੮ʀ૦ⲛઽ, ⲙυ૦ⲛઽ, ɑⲛᑯ ੮ɑυ ƿɑʀ੮ɪςʟ૯ઽ, ૯ɑςⲏ ਘɪ੮ⲏ ɑ ς૦ʀʀ૯ઽƿ૦ⲛᑯɪⲛɢ ⲛ૯υ੮ʀɪⲛ૦. ੮ⲏ૯ⲩ ᑯ૦ ⲛ૦੮ ૯ⲭƿ૯ʀɪ૯ⲛς૯ ઽ੮ʀ૦ⲛɢ ⨍૦ʀς૯.
ᑲ૦ઽ૦ⲛઽ:
1. ɢɑυɢ૯ ᑲ૦ઽ૦ⲛઽ: ⲙ૯ᑯɪɑ੮૯ ⨍υⲛᑯɑⲙ૯ⲛ੮ɑʟ ⨍૦ʀς૯ઽ.
- ƿⲏ૦੮૦ⲛ (૯ʟ૯ς੮ʀ૦ⲙɑɢⲛ૯੮ɪς ⨍૦ʀς૯)
- ɢʟυ૦ⲛઽ (ઽ੮ʀ૦ⲛɢ ⨍૦ʀς૯)
- ਘ/ⲍ ᑲ૦ઽ૦ⲛઽ (ਘ૯ɑκ ⨍૦ʀς૯)
2. ઽςɑʟɑʀ ᑲ૦ઽ૦ⲛ:
- ⲏɪɢɢઽ ᑲ૦ઽ૦ⲛ: ɢɪν૯ઽ ⲙɑઽઽ ੮૦ ƿɑʀ੮ɪςʟ૯ઽ νɪɑ ੮ⲏ૯ ⲏɪɢɢઽ ⲙ૯ςⲏɑⲛɪઽⲙ.
ς૦ⲙƿ૦ઽɪ੮૯ ƿɑʀ੮ɪςʟ૯ઽ:
1. ⲏɑᑯʀ૦ⲛઽ: ς૦ⲙƿ૦ઽ૯ᑯ ૦⨍ વυɑʀκઽ.
- ᑲɑʀⲩ૦ⲛઽ (૯.ɢ., ƿʀ૦੮૦ⲛઽ, ⲛ૯υ੮ʀ૦ⲛઽ): ੮ⲏʀ૯૯ વυɑʀκઽ.
- ⲙ૯ઽ૦ⲛઽ: વυɑʀκ-ɑⲛ੮ɪવυɑʀκ ƿɑɪʀઽ.
૯ⲭ૦੮ɪς ƿɑʀ੮ɪςʟ૯ઽ:
1. ƿ૯ⲛ੮ɑવυɑʀκઽ: ς૦ⲙᑲɪⲛɑ੮ɪ૦ⲛઽ ૦⨍ ⨍૦υʀ વυɑʀκઽ ɑⲛᑯ ૦ⲛ૯ ɑⲛ੮ɪવυɑʀκ.
2. ੮૯੮ʀɑવυɑʀκઽ: ⨍૦υʀ વυɑʀκઽ.
3. ʟ૯ƿ੮૦વυɑʀκઽ: ⲏⲩƿ૦੮ⲏ૯੮ɪςɑʟ ƿɑʀ੮ɪςʟ૯ઽ ς૦υƿʟɪⲛɢ વυɑʀκઽ ɑⲛᑯ ʟ૯ƿ੮૦ⲛઽ.
ᑲ૯ⲩ૦ⲛᑯ ੮ⲏ૯ ઽ੮ɑⲛᑯɑʀᑯ ⲙ૦ᑯ૯ʟ:
1. ᑯɑʀκ ⲙɑ੮੮૯ʀ ƿɑʀ੮ɪςʟ૯ઽ: ⲏⲩƿ૦੮ⲏ૯੮ɪςɑʟ ƿɑʀ੮ɪςʟ૯ઽ ςɑυઽɪⲛɢ ɢʀɑνɪ੮ɑ੮ɪ૦ⲛɑʟ ૯⨍⨍૯ς੮ઽ.
2. ઽυƿ૯ʀઽⲩⲙⲙ૯੮ʀɪς ƿɑʀ੮ɪςʟ૯ઽ: ƿʀ૯ᑯɪς੮૯ᑯ ᑲⲩ ઽυƿ૯ʀઽⲩⲙⲙ૯੮ʀⲩ ੮ⲏ૯૦ʀⲩ, ƿɑʀ੮ⲛ૯ʀ ƿɑʀ੮ɪςʟ૯ઽ ⨍૦ʀ κⲛ૦ਘⲛ ૦ⲛ૯ઽ.
૯ⲭƿ૯ʀɪⲙ૯ⲛ੮ɑʟ ⲙ૯੮ⲏ૦ᑯઽ:
1. ƿɑʀ੮ɪςʟ૯ ɑςς૯ʟ૯ʀɑ੮૦ʀઽ: ʟɑʀɢ૯ ⨍ɑςɪʟɪ੮ɪ૯ઽ ʟɪκ૯ ੮ⲏ૯ ʟⲏς ɑςς૯ʟ૯ʀɑ੮૯ ƿɑʀ੮ɪςʟ૯ઽ ੮૦ ⲏɪɢⲏ ૯ⲛ૯ʀɢɪ૯ઽ.
2. ᑯ૯੮૯ς੮૦ʀઽ: ɪⲛઽ੮ʀυⲙ૯ⲛ੮ઽ ʟɪκ૯ ςⲙઽ ɑⲛᑯ ɑ੮ʟɑઽ ɑ੮ ੮ⲏ૯ ʟⲏς ૦ᑲઽ૯ʀν૯ ƿɑʀ੮ɪςʟ૯ ɪⲛ੮૯ʀɑς੮ɪ૦ⲛઽ.
ƿɑʀ੮ɪςʟ૯ ƿⲏⲩઽɪςઽ ɪઽ ᑯⲩⲛɑⲙɪς, ਘɪ੮ⲏ ૦ⲛɢ૦ɪⲛɢ ᑯɪઽς૦ν૯ʀɪ૯ઽ ɑⲛᑯ ʀ૯⨍ɪⲛ૯ⲙ૯ⲛ੮ઽ ੮૦ ૦υʀ υⲛᑯ૯ʀઽ੮ɑⲛᑯɪⲛɢ.
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| 15 | https://scroll.in/article/1027507/jagadish-chandra-bose-the-first-complete-biography-investigates-his-life-as-well-as-his-science | 1 513 |
| 16 | 🔥 *वो भारतीय वैज्ञानिक - जो दो नोबेल पुरस्कार का हकदार था* 🔥
*बात है 1895 की।* एक भारतीय वैज्ञानिक ने अपना नया आविष्कार दिखाने के लिए कुछ दोस्तों को दावत पर बुलाया।
वे दिखाना चाहते थे कि कैसे रेडियो वेव्स दीवार को भी पार कर सकती हैं। उन्होंने एक प्रयोग करके दिखाया, जिसमें एक कमरे में घंटी बजाने से दूसरे कमरे में बारूद में विस्फोट हो गया। सभी दोस्त चकित रह गए!
ये प्रयोग सफल हो पाया उनके आविष्कार - “मर्करी कोहेरर रेडियो वेव रिसीवर” की वजह से। उस रात जाने-अनजाने में उन्होंने वायरलेस कम्युनिकेशन की नींव रख दी।
हम जिस भारतीय वैज्ञानिक की बात कर रहे हैं वो हैं - जगदीशचन्द्र बोस। और उस रात उनके घर आए दोस्तों में से एक थे - गुग्लिल्मो मार्कोनी।
*आज श्री जगदीशचन्द्र बोस का जन्मदिन है।* आइए उनसे मिलते हैं:
➖ *जगदीशचंद्र बोस का जन्म बंगाल में हुआ।* स्कूली शिक्षा और कॉलेज की पढ़ाई पूरी करने के बाद वे लंदन विश्वविद्यालय में प्राकृतिक विज्ञान का अध्ययन करने गए।
➖ *रेडियो एक ऐसा आविष्कार था जिसके पीछे कई प्रतिभाशाली दिमाग थे।* रेडियो के आविष्कारक के रूप में किसी एक व्यक्ति को चिन्हित करना संभव नहीं है।
रेडियो उपकरणों की दौड़ जेम्स क्लर्क मैक्सवेल द्वारा शुरू की गई, जिन्होंने इलेक्ट्रो-मैगनेटिक वेव्स की भविष्यवाणी की थी। उनके शोध को हेनरिक हर्ट्ज़ ने आगे बढ़ाया, फिर बोस ने माइक्रोवेव पर अध्ययन किया और यह साबित किया कि रेडियो वेव्स ठोस वस्तुओं से गुजर सकती हैं।
➖ *मार्कोनी भी इसी बीच रेडियो वेव्स पर काम कर रहे थे* लेकिन उनका शोध एक जगह पर आकर अटक गया। बोस के “मर्करी कोहेरर” के आविष्कार ने मार्कोनी के रेडियो विकास को गति दी।
➖ *मार्कोनी वायरलेस तकनीक का व्यावसायीकरण करना चाहते थे, लेकिन बोस इसके ख़िलाफ़ थे।* कई लोगों ने बोस पर अपने आविष्कार का पेटेंट कराने का दबाव डाला, लेकिन उन्होंने कहा, “मेरी रुचि केवल शोध में है, पैसा कमाने में नहीं”।
➖ *मार्कोनी ने बोस के आविष्कार का उपयोग किया, लेकिन उन्हें कभी श्रेय नहीं दिया।* बोस को उस समय के नस्लीय भेदभाव का सामना करना पड़ा, और उनके योगदान को भुला दिया गया। 1909 में मार्कोनी को रेडियो के लिए नोबल पुरस्कार मिला।
➖ *आगे जाकर रेडियो वेव्स का पता लगाने के लिए बोस ने सेमीकंडक्टर जंक्शन का उपयोग किया।* नोबेल पुरस्कार विजेता सर नेविल मॉट का मानना था कि बोस पी-एन टाइप सेमीकंडक्टर की परिकल्पना करने में समकालीन विज्ञान से 60 साल आगे थे।
➖ *रेडियो प्रौद्योगिकी में बोस के योगदान को अंधेरे में रखा गया और हाल ही में यह प्रकाश में आया।* स्वयं मार्कोनी के पोते फ्रांसेस्को मार्कोनी ने अपने एक लेक्चर में बोस को रेडियो के आविष्कारक, और अपने दादा को उसके प्रचारक के रूप में संबोधित किया। इसके अतिरिक्त, अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संस्था IEEE ने बोस को रेडियो विज्ञान के जनक की उपाधि दी।
_कई वैज्ञानिकों का मानना है कि बोस दो नोबेल पुरस्कार के हकदार थे - एक रेडियो वेव्स पर उनके शोध के लिए और दूसरा उनके सेमीकंडक्टर शोध के लिए।_
➖➖➖➖
इस युग की चुनौतियों का सामना करने के लिए हमें *असली अध्यात्म* और *विज्ञान* दोनों की अत्यंत आवश्यकता है। मानो यह दोनों एक पक्षी के दो पंखों के समान हैं, किसी के भी अभाव में उड़ान संभव नहीं।
हमारे समाज को मूल्यों का परिवर्तन, और एक आंतरिक क्रांति चाहिए। आचार्य प्रशांत इसी आंतरिक क्रांति की दिशा में जी-तोड़ काम कर रहे हैं।
*क्या आचार्य जी ने आपको ज़िंदगी पर सवाल उठाना सिखाया है, अंधेरे के ख़िलाफ़ आवाज़ उठाना सिखाया है, क्या उन्होंने पुरानी बेड़ियाँ काटने में आपकी मदद की है?*
यदि हाँ, तो आचार्य जी को करोड़ों और लोगों तक पहुँचने में सहायक बनें। जो उन्होंने आपको दिया है, वो पाने की गहरी ज़रूरत न जाने कितनो को है।
*यथाशक्ति स्वधर्म निभाएँ:* https://acharyaprashant.org/hi/contribute/contribute-work?cmId=m00013 | 1 319 |
| 17 | Spacetime diagram explanation: To visualize a lightlike interval, imagine a line that connects two points on the same light cone (i.e., constant light travel time) of a spacetime diagram. The length of this line represents the lightlike interval between the two events. Since the speed of light is constant, the angle of the line does not matter; it can point in any direction, and still represent a lightlike interval.
In summary, the intervals in special relativity describe the distances between events in spacetime. Timelike intervals are measured along the time axis, spacelike intervals are measured across space at constant time, and lightlike intervals are measured along light cones. These concepts are essential for understanding how objects move and interact with each other in the universe, especially when they approach the speed of light. | 470 |
| 18 | In special relativity, the concept of time and space are not separate entities but are combined into a single entity called spacetime. Spacetime is a four-dimensional manifold that includes three dimensions of space (length, width, and height) and one dimension of time. Every event in the universe can be described using four coordinates: three for space (x, y, z) and one for time (t).
Now, let's talk about the intervals that you mentioned:
1. Timelike interval: A timelike interval refers to the distance between two events in the same direction along the time axis. In other words, it is the time difference between two events that occur at the same location in space. The timelike interval is always positive, meaning that the time difference between two events cannot be negative.
Spacetime diagram explanation: To visualize a timelike interval, imagine a line that connects two points on the time axis of a spacetime diagram. The length of this line represents the timelike interval between the two events. Since the time axis is one-way, the direction of the line is important. If the line points from past to future, it represents a timelike interval; if it points from future to past, it represents a negative timelike interval, which is not allowed in physics.
2. Spacelike interval: A spacelike interval refers to the distance between two events that are separated by a distance in space, but not in time. In other words, it is the distance between two events that occur at the same time but different locations in space. The spacelike interval can be either positive or negative depending on whether the two events are moving towards each other or away from each other.
Spacetime diagram explanation: To visualize a spacelike interval, imagine a line that connects two points on the same spatial slice (i.e., constant time) of a spacetime diagram. The length of this line represents the spacelike interval between the two events. Unlike the timelike interval, the direction of the line does not matter as the spatial slices are two-dimensional and do not have a built-in orientation.
3. Lightlike interval: A lightlike interval refers to the distance between two events that are connected by a light signal. In other words, it is the distance that a photon would travel in order to reach an observer from an event. The lightlike interval is always equal to zero because the speed of light is always the same, regardless of the motion of the observer or the source of light.
Spacetime diagram explanation: To visualize a lightlike interval, imagine a line that connects two points on the same light cone (i.e., constant light travel time) of a spacetime diagram. The length of this line represents the lightlike interval between the two events. Since the speed of light is constant, the angle of the line does not matter; it can point in any direction, and still represent a lightlike interval.
In summary, the intervals in special relativity describe the distances between events in spacetime. Timelike intervals are measured along the time axis, spacelike intervals are measured across space at constant time, and lightlike intervals are measured along light cones. These concepts are essential for understanding how objects move and interact with each other in the universe, especially when they approach the speed of light. | 478 |
| 19 | The mathematical function that corresponds to the volume charge density of the Earth is not a simple formula, but rather a complex expression that involves the solution of partial differential equations. The reason for this complexity is that the Earth's volume charge density is influenced by a variety of factors, such as the distribution of charges within the Earth's interior, the Earth's surface topography, and the atmosphere.
One way to mathematically represent the Earth's volume charge density is by using the Earth-Miller model, which is a simplified representation of the Earth's electromagnetic field. The Earth-Miller model assumes that the Earth is a sphere with a uniformly charged surface and a spherical cavity inside, and it expresses the volume charge density function as a combination of three concentric spheres with different radii and charge densities. The mathematical expression for the volume charge density function in the Earth-Miller model is given by:
ρ(r) = ρ0 \* (1 - (r/R)^2)^(1/3) \* (1 + (r/R_1)^2)^(-1/4) \* (1 + (r/R_2)^2)^(-1/6)
where ρ0 is a constant charge density, R is the radius of the Earth, R_1 and R_2 are the radii of two reference spheres, and r is the radial distance from the center of the Earth.
Another approach to representing the Earth's volume charge density is by using numerical simulations, such as the Finite Element Method or the Finite Difference Method, to solve Maxwell's equations. These methods discretize the Earth into small elements or cells and calculate the electric field and charge density at each point in space. The resulting data can then be used to construct a 3D image of the Earth's volume charge density.
It's worth noting that these mathematical representations are simplifications of the true distribution of charges within the Earth, which is a complex and dynamic system influenced by many factors, including tectonic activity, atmospheric processes, and the movement of charged particles. | 615 |
| 20 | The volume charge density function, ρ(x,y,z), represents the distribution of electric charges within a volume, whereas the surface charge density function, σ(x,y), represents the distribution of electric charges on a surface.
The volume charge density function is defined as the total charge per unit volume at any given point in space, and it is typically represented by the symbol ρ (rho). The units of ρ are Coulombs per cubic meter (C/m³).
Similar to the surface charge density function, the volume charge density function can also be represented using various mathematical techniques, such as:
1. Spherical harmonics: The volume charge density function can be expanded in terms of spherical harmonics, similar to the surface charge density function. The expansion coefficients are now functions of the radial distance from the center of the Earth, rather than the geodetic coordinates (latitude and longitude).
2. Geopotential: The geopotential can also be used to represent the volume charge density function. The geopotential due to a volume distribution of charges is proportional to the volume integral of the charge density over the entire volume.
3. Empirical models: Empirical models can also be used to represent the volume charge density function, particularly in applications where the detailed structure of the charge distribution is not important. These models use simplified mathematical functions, such as spheres or ellipsoids, to approximate the volume charge distribution. One example of an empirical model is the Earth-Miller model, which represents the Earth's volume charge density function as a combination of three concentric spheres with different radii and charge densities.
4. Numerical simulations: Numerical simulations can also be used to represent the volume charge density function. These simulations solve Maxwell's equations, which describe the behavior of electromagnetic fields, using numerical methods such as the finite element method or the finite difference method. The resulting solutions provide a detailed representation of the volume charge density function, which can be used to study various aspects of the Earth's electromagnetic environment.
In summary, the volume charge density function represents the distribution of electric charges within a volume, and it can be represented using various mathematical techniques, including spherical harmonics, geopotential, empirical models, and numerical simulations. | 531 |
