Anatomy'Dr' & 7abasat

5) At the knee joint: a) the fibular collateral ligament is attached to the lateral meniscus and joint capsule b) there are three main gaps in the joint capsule c) the tibial collateral ligament is tight in flexion d) the posterior cruciate ligament is attached to the lateral condyle of the femur e) the cruciate ligaments are sensitive and the menisci are not

7) Regarding the femoral artery: a) adductor magnus lies between it and the profunda femoris artery b) the profunda femoris vein lies behind the profunda femoris artery c) profunda femoris artery arises from its posterior surface d) the lateral circumflex femoral artery separates the superficial and deep branches of the femoral nerve e) the femoral vein is always on its medial side

he great saphenous vein: a) joins the femoral vein above the inguinal ligament b) begins as the upward continuation of the lateral marginal vein of the foot c) travels with the saphenous nerve along its course d) runs behind the medial malleolus e) enters the femoral vein on its anteromedial side

Tibialis anterior: a) is supplied by the tibial nerve b) inserts into the second metatarsal bone c) is pierced by the posterior tibial artery d) tendon perforates the superior extensor retinaculum e) does not arise from the interosseous membrane

Which structure is intrasynovial at the knee joint: a) oblique popliteal ligament b) tendon of popliteus c) medial and lateral menisci d) anterior cruciate ligament e) none of the above

1) Tensor fasciae latae is supplied by : a) anterior division of femoral nerve b) superior gluteal nerve c) nerve to vastus lateralis d) inferior gluteal nerve e) lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

Root value of Lower Limb Nerves:- 1)Femoral nerve : L2,3,4 2) Obturator nerve: L2,3,4 3) Sciatic nerve: L4,5, S1,2,3 4) Superior gluteal nerve: L4,5,S1 5) Inferior gluteal nerve:L5,S1,2 6) nerve to Obturator internus:L5,S1,S2 7) nerve to quadratus femoris:L4,5S1 8) common peroneal nerve:L4,5 S1,2 9) Tibial nerve: L4,5 S1,2,3

((Tributaries)) Veins of lower limb :- 1) Femoral Vein: - great saphenous - deep vein of the thigh - popliteal vein 2) great saphenous: - superficial epigastric vein - superficial circumflex iliac vein - superficial external pudendal - accessory saphenous vein 3) popliteal vein: - small saphenous vein - posterior tibial vein

Arteries of the Lower Limb :- 1) Femoral Artery : - Profunda femoris - superficial epigastric - superficial circumflex iliac - superficial external pudendal - deep external pudendal - descending genicular 2) Profunda femoris: - medial circumflex - lateral circumflex - perforating arteries 3) obturator artery: - anterior branch - posterior branch 4) popliteal Artery: - superior genicular (medial & lateral) - middle genicular - inferior genicular (medial & lateral) - anterior tibial - posterior tibial 5) Anterior Tibial: - posterior tibial recurrent - anterior tibial recurrent - muscular branches - anterior medial malleolar - anterior lateral malleolar - continue as dorsalis pedis 6) posterior tibial Artery: - fibular artery - circumflex fibular - nutrient - muscular - malleolar - calcaneal - medial planter - lateral planter 7) Dorsalis pedis: - medial tarsal - lateral tarsal - arcuate - 1st dorsal metatarsal - 1st plantar metatarsal

Pulsation sites of lower limb arteries:- 1)Femoral Artery: -Mid inguinal point —————- 2)Popliteal Artery: - popliteal fossa ——————- 3)posterior tibial Artery: -between middle malleolus and calcaneus ——————- 4)Dorsalis pedis Artery: - between tendons of Extensor hallucis longus & Extensor digitorum longus

anatomical regions are in the lower limb: 1. Femoral Triangle 2. Femoral Canal 3. Subsartorial Canal 4. Adductor Hiatus 5. Popliteal Fossa 6. Flexor & Extensor Retinaculum 7. Tarsal Bones 8. Foot Sole Layers 9. Saphenous Opening

🛑Saphanous hiatus An oval opening in facia lata in the upper part infront of the thigh MARGINS : upper & lower and lateral falciform margin OVERLINING FACIA: cribriform facia UNDERLINING STRUCTURE : Femoral. A Femoral. V Femoral canal STRUCTURE PASSES THROUGH IT : 1-Superficial inguinal. A 2-great Saphanous. A 3-lymphatic vessels 🛑Femoral triangle Largest intramuscular space in the lower limb BOUNDARIES : medialy ➡️ medial border of adductor longus Laterally ➡️ Medial border of sartorius Base ➡️inguinal ligament Apex➡️meeting point of medial & lateral border ROOF : Skin.. Superficial facia (contain great Saphanous vein & superficial inguinal.L.N..,.., etc) ... Deep facia FLOOR : 1-[Adductor longus.m+pectineus. m] ➡️slope Laterally 2- [Psoas major+iliacus] ➡️slope medialy COMMUNICATION OF femoral 🔺: superiorly ➡️deep to inguinal ligament with iliac fossa to abdomen Inferiorly ➡️at apex of 🔺with the upper end of Subsatorial canal CONTENTS : 1-Femoral sheath 2- femoral nerve 3-lymph nodes 🛑Femoral sheath It's facial sheath surrounding the femoral vessels in femoral 🔺 Compartments: Lareral compartment ➡️Femoral artery Medial compartment ➡️Femoral canal Intermediate compartment ➡️Femoral vein 🛑Femoral canal It's the medial compartment of femoral sheath "vertical canal" . APEX ➡️ directed downwards(blending with adventia of femoral vein) Base➡️called femoral ring BOUNDARIES : posteriorly ➡️pectineal ligament Anteriorly ➡️inguinal lig Medialy ➡️lacunar lig Laterally ➡️Femoral vein CINTENTS: 1-condensation of fat 2-lymphnodes FUNCTION: 1-Act as dead space alongside the femoral vein allowing it's distension during increased the venous return from the lower limb APPLIED ANATOMY : Femoral hernia 🛑[Adductor canal /Subsatorial canal /canal of hunter's] It's intramuscular space in the medial aspect of middle third of thigh undercover sartorius BEGINNING : at apex of femoral 🔺 Ending : at the opening in adductor magnus "adductor hiatus" BOUNDARIES : (A) Anteromedial wall "roof" ➡️Sartorius (B) Anterolateral wall ➡️ vastus medialis (C) posterior wall ➡️ 1-adductor longus. "in the uper part" 2.adductor magnus. ". ,, ,, lower part " CONTENTS : 1-femoral artery 2-femoral vein 3-saphanous nerve 4-descending genicular artery 5. Nerve to vastus medialis 6-subsatorial plexus of nerves

💢Special Embryology; Development of diaphragm * septum transversum > which forms a muscle & central tendon * Pleura peritoneal membrane > which forma a area of diaphragmatic pleura & peritoneum * Dorsal menstery of esophagus > which the curua develop

💢Special Embryology ; Development of the lungs and pleura * longitudinal groove > form lining of pharynx * Laryngotracheal groove > lining larynx & bronchi & trachea & epithelium of alveoli * Laryngotracheal tube > upper part becomes larynx after fuse of margin & lower part becomes trachea * Lung bud > lung & main bronchi & lobes & alveoli & terminal bronchioles * Splanchnic mesoderm > visceral pleura * Somatic mesoderm > parietal pleura

Dj Snake 🖤: ⚠️Upper limb muscles :- # All of the anterior compartment of arm supplied by Musculocutaneous Nerve. # All of the posterior compartment of the arm supplied by Radial Nerve. # All of the anterior compartment of forearm supplied be Median Nerve except flexor carpi ulnaris by Ulnar Nerve. # All of the posterior compartment of forearm is supplied by Radial Nerve. # All of the the thenar group of hand supplied by Recurrent branch of median nerve. # All of the hypothenar group of hand supplied by Deep branch of ulnar nerve. # Palmar and dorsal interossei are supplied by Deep branch of ulnar nerve. # 1-2 lumbricals supplied by Median nerve . 3-4 by Deep branch of ulnar nerve. ________________________________________ ⚠️Structures pass through flexor retinaculum :- ulnar and median nerve - tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis and profunda. ⚠️ Anatomical snuff box :- area in the thumb between EPB , APL and tendon of EPL posteriorly . radial artery found there

Dj Snake 🖤 : ⚠️ BRACHIAL PLEXUS ⚠️ 1- Roots give dorsal scapular nerve (C5) to innervate rhmboid major and minor .. give long thoracic never (C5-6-7) to innervate serreatus anterior . 2- Upper trunk gives subclavius nerve (C5-6) .. give suprascapular nerve for supra and infra spinatus muscles (C5-6) 3- Later cord >> lateral pectoral - musculocutanous (C5-6) - lateral root of median nerve . 4- Medial cord >> medial pectoral - medial cutaneous nerve of arm and forearm - medial root of median nerve (C5-6-7-8 and T1) - ulnar nerve (C8-T1) . 5- Posterior cord >> upper and lower subscapular nerve (C5-6) - thoracodorsal nerve (C6-7-8) - axillary nerve (C5-6) - radial nerve (C5-6-7-8-T1). ⚠️ BRACHIAL PLEXUS DOES NOT GIVE CUTANEOUS BRANCHES IN PECTORAL REGION ⚠️ _________________________________________ Wrist drop >> damage in radial nerve. Crutch palsy >> damage in axillary nerve. Partial claw hand >> damage in ulnar nerve. Ape hand >> damage in median nerve. Winged scapula >> damage in long thoracic nerve

Dj Snake 🖤: ⚠️Upper limb Lymph nodes :- 1- Anterior >> receive from pectoral region . 2- Posterior >> receive from subscapular region . 3- Lateral >> from uppee limb . 4- Central >> in the center of axilla receive from mentioned above . 5- Apical >> at the apex of axilla receive from mentioned above . this will drain into subclavian trunk and then into right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct . _______________________________ ⚠️Upper limb veins :- 1- Dorsal and palmar venous arch . 2- Cephalic vein found laterally . 3- Basilic vein found medially . 4- Axillary vein formed by the union of basilic and brachial veins . 5- Median cubital vein . _______________________________ #Cubital fossa is a triangular space in elbow joint contains from lateral to medial :- biceps brachii tendon - brachial artery - median nerve . Lateral boundary is brachioradialis Medial boundary is pronator terse

Dj Snake 🖤: ⚠️JOINTS OF THE UPPEE LIMB 1- Shoulder joint >> Synovial > ball and socket . 2- Sternoclavicular joint >> Synovial > saddle . 3- Elbow joint >> synovial > hing . 4- Wrist joint >> synovial > ellipsoid . 5- Proximal radioulnar joint >> synovial > pivot . 6- Distal radioulnar joint >> synovial > pivot . ___________________________ ⚠️BLOOD SUPPLY OF UPPER LIMB #Axillary artery >> begins at the lateral border of first rib as a continuation of subclavian artery which is divided into three parts by pectoralis minor muscle . 1-First part gives superior thoracic artery . 2-Second part gives thoracoacromial artery ( acromion-pectoral-clavicular-deltoid parts). 3-Third part give ant. post. circumflex humoral arteries and subscapular artery . #Brachial artery >> begins at the lower border of terse major muscle . gives ( muscular and nutrient branches) and ( profunda brachii - superior ulnar collateral and inferior ulnar collateral ) . #Ulnar artery >> gives ant. post ulnar recurrent branch ( to anastomose with ant. and post. ulnar collateral ) .gives common interosseous branch . gives palmar and dorsal carpal branches . #Radial artery >> gives radial recurrent branch ( to anastomose with radial collateral branch of profunda brachii ). #The hand arterial supply >> by superficial and deep palmar arch which give common digital > proper digital arteries . #The thumb by princips pollicis #The index by radialis indicis ___________________________ ⚠️SIDE OF PULSATION 1- Axillary >> lateral wall 2- Brachial >> cubital fossa behind to tendon of biceps brachii 3- Radial >> anatomical snuff box 4- Ulnar >> lateral to the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris