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The Inventor of the Beating Heart of Automotive and Aeronautical Engines: The Muslim engineer and scholar Al-Jazari الجزري, who lived in the 12th century CE (around 1206 CE), is considered the first to invent the crankshaft and use it in his water-raising machines. In his book "The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices" (Al-Jāmiʿ bain al-ʿIlm wa al-ʿAmal al-Nāfiʿ fī Ṣināʿat al-Ḥiyal), Al-Jazari described many mechanical inventions, including machines that used the crankshaft with a connecting rod mechanism to convert continuous rotary motion into reciprocating linear motion. This mechanism is the fundamental principle behind modern engines, such as internal combustion engines.