TED Talks - آموزش زبان

🔴The myth of Pegasus and the chimera Shielded from the gorgon’s stone-cold gaze, Perseus crept through Medusa’s cave. When he reached her, he took a deep breath, and in one sudden movement, drew his sickle and brought it down on her neck. Medusa’s head rolled to the ground and from her neck sprung two children. One of them was Chrysaor, a giant wielding a golden sword; The other was the magnificent, white, winged horse, Pegasus. He was swifter than any other steed, and with the stomp of his hooves, he could alter mountains and draw streams from dry rock. No bridle could contain him— until one fateful day. Bellerophon, prince of the Greek city-state of Corinth, seemed to have it all. But his ambitions exceeded his earthly circumstances. What he truly wanted was to be a hero so great that the gods would welcome him on Mount Olympus. Bellerophon believed that Pegasus would be key in helping him reach such heights. One night, he visited the temple of Athena, the goddess of war and wisdom, and prayed for the power to appease the mighty animal. When Bellerophon woke, he found a magical golden bridle, and sped to the fountain that Pegasus drank from. As soon as the horse bent towards the water, Bellerophon jumped on his back and slipped the bridle on. Finally, Pegasus was subdued. With this conquest, Bellerophon felt that he was on his way to becoming a legendary hero. He trained for battle day and night. But one training session went horribly wrong, and Bellerophon mortally injured his brother, Deliades. Disgraced, he was exiled to Argos, where King Proetus purified him. Bellerophon was resolved to repair his reputation, but the Queen of Argos had her eye on him. And when Bellerophon rebuffed her advances, she accused him of trying to seduce her, further tarnishing his honor. King Proetus soon devised a plan to exact revenge. He banished Bellerophon and Pegasus and sent them to the kingdom of Lycia, carrying a note to Iobates, Lycia’s king. But unbeknownst to Bellerophon, he was carrying a decree for his own death. Iobates considered how to dispose of the youth and picked just the right monster for the job: the fire-breathing lion-goat-dragon Chimera that had long been terrorizing his kingdom. Bellerophon— eager to achieve greatness— jumped at the challenge. He mounted Pegasus, and the two shot into the sky. Swooping above the earth, they saw the Chimera surrounded by its charred victims. Soon, they too were facing its firepower. In a sequence of agile aerial acrobatics, Pegasus dodged every blast from the Chimera as Bellerophon launched his arrows. Finally, Pegasus closed in on the beast at just the right angle, and Bellerophon dealt it a deadly blow. Iobates was incredulous. He was glad to be rid of the monster, but still needed to deal with Bellerophon. So, he set forth more challenges, putting Bellerophon up against fearsome warriors, highly skilled archers, and, ultimately, Lycia’s best soldiers. Every time, Pegasus’ power turned the tide in Bellerophon’s favor. Finally, Iobates had no choice but to concede that Bellerophon was a true hero. He even offered him his daughter’s hand in marriage. But Bellerophon’s sights were set far beyond the land of mortals. He was certain he must now be entitled to a place on Mount Olympus. So, he jumped onto Pegasus and urged him higher and higher. Zeus watched as Bellerophon, buoyed by hubris, neared his palace. To punish the youth, he released a single gadfly, which beelined towards Pegasus and bit into his flesh. This was as high as Bellerophon would ever get. As Pegasus flinched, he flung his rider into the air, and Bellerophon fell careening back to Earth. Pegasus, on the other hand, ascended with Zeus’s blessing. The gods welcomed him into the halls of Mount Olympus and immortalized him in a constellation. There in the night sky, Pegasus can be seen soaring, unfettered and free. #Education #Storytelling #Ancient_World #TED_Ed #Animation 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜ 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜

🔴The myth of Pegasus and the chimera #Education #Storytelling #Ancient_World #TED_Ed #Animation 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜ 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜

Therein lies the problem with all these fast-moving diets— whether you’re cutting calories or food groups, extreme diets are a shock to your system. There are well-established rates of healthy weight loss motivated by both diet and exercise that account for genetic and medical differences. And staying on those timelines requires a dietary lifestyle that’s sustainable. In fact, some of the worst side effects of extreme diets are rarely discussed since so few people stick with them, it also bears mentioning that many societies have unhealthy relationships with weight, and people are often pressured to diet for reasons other than health or happiness. So rather than trying to lose weight fast, we should all be taking our time to figure out what the healthiest lifestyle is for ourselves. #Education #Food #Health #TED_Ed #Animation #Human_Body 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜ 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜

🔴Is it possible to lose weight fast? In the wealthiest circles of Victorian England, bizarre fads ran rampant. But perhaps none was as strange as the tapeworm diet, in which dieters swallowed an unhatched tapeworm and let it grow inside them by consuming undigested meals. Obviously, this is an exceptionally dangerous and unhealthy way to manage your weight. However, while modern fad diets aren't usually this extreme, they do promise similar results; specifically, losing weight fast. So, are there any fast diets that do work? And are any of them actually healthy for you? To answer these questions, let’s consider a thought experiment. Sam and Felix are identical twins both planning to go on a diet. They share the same height, weight, fat and muscle mass. But Sam is hoping to lose weight slowly, while Felix wants to go fast. Sam's plan is to gradually decrease his calorie intake and increase his regular exercise. With less energy coming in and more being expended, he’s creating an energy deficit inside his body. To compensate, Sam’s body begins breaking down his emergency glucose supply, stored in the liver in the form of glycogen. Then, after 4 to 6 hours, his body starts burning fat cells as a major energy source. This process releases lipid droplets which are broken down into compounds that float through the bloodstream and provide energy to organs and tissues. Felix aims to create a similar energy deficit by dramatically cutting his calorie intake. Unlike Sam, who’s still eating smaller meals, Felix is eating almost nothing. And his body responds by going into a starvation response. Felix’s body breaks down his entire store of emergency glucose in just 18 hours. And while Sam steadily replenishes glycogen with every healthy meal, Felix’s low-calorie diet does not. Desperate for energy, his body starts breaking down other materials, including his muscles. Meanwhile, Sam’s regular exercise is maintaining his muscle mass. This means he’ll use more energy both during exercise and at rest, making it easier for him to lose weight. Felix, on the other hand, is losing muscle mass and burning fewer calories than ever for his body's basic functions, making weight loss even more difficult. Despite all this, there’s one element of Felix’s fast diet that might make him think he's on the right track. Every gram of glycogen is bound to several grams of water. This can add up to two kilograms of water weight, all of which is lost when the glycogen is depleted. For Felix, this might seem like he’s losing weight fast. But as soon as he stops starving himself, his body will replenish its glycogen store and regain that weight. Clearly, Felix’s plan does more harm than good, but extreme calorie reduction diets aren’t the only regimens promising to shed weight fast. Plans called “detoxification diets” either promote or restrict certain foods to provide specific nutrients in high quantities. These can be useful for addressing some nutritional problems, but they’re far too specific to be used as general cure-alls. For example, for a person with low vitamin A, a juice diet might be helpful. But for someone high in vitamin A, juicing could be disastrous. And regardless of personal nutrition, maintaining a juice diet over multiple weeks is likely to compromise the immune system due to a lack of essential fats and proteins.

🔴Is it possible to lose weight fast? #Education #Food #Health #TED_Ed #Animation #Human_Body 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜ 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜

During an interview in 1964, Koyama lamented that her 17 years of observation had barely been enough to produce a single butterfly record of the solar cycle. But by the end of her career, she’d drawn three and a half cycles— one of the longest records ever made. Better still, the quality of her drawings was so consistent, researchers used them as a baseline to reconstruct the past 400 years of sunspot activity from various historical sources. This project extends Koyama’s legacy far beyond her own lifetime, and proves that science is not built solely on astounding discoveries, but also on careful observation of the world around us. #Women #Science #Education #History #Astronomy #TED_Ed #Animation #Sun 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜ 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜

🔴The woman who stared at the sun In the spring of 1944, Tokyo residents experienced numerous aerial attacks from Allied bombers. Air raid sirens warned citizens to get indoors and preceded strategic blackouts across the city. But 28-year old Hisako Koyama saw these blackouts as opportunities. Dragging a futon over her head for protection, Koyama would gaze at the night sky, tracking all sorts of astronomical phenomena. However, her latest endeavor required the light of day. By angling her telescope towards the sun, Koyama could project the star's light onto a sheet of paper, allowing her to sketch the sun’s shifting surface. She spent weeks recreating this set up, tracking every change she saw. But while Koyama didn't know it, these drawings were the start of one of the most important records of solar activity in human history. To understand exactly what Koyama saw on the sun’s surface, we first need to understand what’s happening inside the star. Every second, trillions of hydrogen atoms fuse into helium atoms in a process called nuclear fusion. This ongoing explosion maintains the sun’s internal temperature of roughly 15 million degrees Celsius, which is more than enough energy to transform gas into churning pools of plasma. Plasma consists of charged particles that produce powerful magnetic fields. But unlike the stable charged particles that maintain magnetic activity on Earth, this plasma is constantly in flux, alternately disrupting and amplifying the sun's magnetic field. This ongoing movement can produce temporary concentrations of magnetic activity which inhibit the movement of molecules and in turn reduce heat in that area. And since regions with less heat generate less light, places with the strongest magnetic fields appear as dark spots scattered across the sun’s surface. These so-called sunspots are always moving, both as a result of plasma swirling within the sphere, and the sun’s rotation. And because they’re often clustered together, accurately counting sunspots and tracking their movement can be a challenge, depending greatly on the perception and judgment of the viewer. This is precisely where Koyama’s contributions would be so valuable. Despite having no formal training in astronomy, her observations and sketches were remarkably accurate. After sending her work to the Oriental Astronomical Association, she received a letter of commendation for her dedicated and detailed observations. With their support, she began to visit the Tokyo Museum of Science, where she could use a far superior telescope to continue her work. Koyama soon joined the museum's staff as a professional observer, and over the next 40 years, she worked on a daily basis, producing over 10,000 drawings of the sun’s surface. Researchers already knew magnetic currents in the sun followed an 11 year cycle that moved sunspots in a butterfly shaped path over the star’s surface. But using Koyama’s record, they could precisely follow specific sunspots and clusters through that journey. This kind of detail offered a real-time indication of the sun’s magnetic activity, allowing scientists to track all kinds of solar phenomena, including volatile solar flares. These flares typically emanate from the vicinity of sunspots, and can travel all the way to Earth’s atmosphere. Here, they can create geomagnetic storms capable of disrupting long range communication and causing blackouts. Solar flares also pose a major risk to satellites and manned space stations, making them essential to predict and plan for.

🔴The woman who stared at the sun #Women #Science #Education #History #Astronomy #TED_Ed #Animation #Sun 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜ 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜

I am certain that we are able to be on the side with technology that is brought from abroad to our region being sold in a very expensive way. We have the capacity to develop our own technology, having the necessities of our people in mind. So then people with disabilities and limited resources could live a life again. For me, when people, our users, get back to work on their places, that look of compassion changed to astonishment. The same astonishment which I had when I saw Luke Skywalker prosthesis. So this began as a path for myself, but it now belongs to my entire region. Would you like to join us? Thank you so much. #Technology #Design #Invention #Innovation #Health #Prosthetics #TED_Fellows #3D_Printing 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜ 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜

🔴The affordable, 3D-printed bionics of the future One in seven people around the world has some kind of disability. Being born without my right hand has defined who I am over the past 30 years. I was fortunate to grow [up] in the sacred valley of the Incas in Cusco, Peru, surrounded by people who weren't surprised to see me driving my bike or probably playing basketball. When I was seven, I remember being stunned after I watched "Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back," when Luke's hand gets cut off, the same one I didn't have. But then, being twice as stunned when the medical robots fitted him with a prosthesis that could move and feel. From then on, no greater purpose lived in my mind, which was to have a prosthesis like Luke Skywalker. This dream led me to study mechatronics engineering and access the Biomechanics and Applied Robotics Laboratory in Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, where, with a multidisciplinary team, we developed a myoelectric prosthesis for a long transradial amputation, being me, the pilot user. I was able to move each finger individually. And also we developed a way in which we get to pass the sensation from the fingertips into my forearm using haptic feedback system. Since this was a research project, we had enough funding to buy stuff from abroad. So, for example, the motors you get to see here, were all brought [from] Switzerland. This is one of the main reasons why it will cost at least 40,000 dollars to make this prosthesis. But 40K is way too much, considering that four out of five people with upper limb amputation live in developing countries. Even the 25,000 dollars that cost a robotic prosthesis imported from abroad is way too much. In Peru, that is equivalent to work full time on a minimum wage for almost seven years, just to buy the prostheses. Never mind pay for your food or your house. It is often that people get injured while doing manual labor activities like farming or metal manufacturing. Getting back to work and having access to money demands a functional hand. It took me time to realize what a huge privilege I had to study a career that would help fulfill my dreams. But actually, what was preventing me from developing a solution that was both affordable and functional. The very first step in order to reducing the cost was to reduce the number of motors because they were all imported and therefore expensive. So we get to arrange occupational focus groups with our amputee volunteers in order to identify which gestures they will use the most, and of those, how many we could perform using just a single motor. The answer was three: pinch, cylindrical and lateral. This also helps us to reduce the number of electromyography sensors, too, from an arrangement of eight, we passed just to one. In this way, between makes in mechanical and myoelectric prosthesis, the prices will be dramatically low. But material prices matter to. And that's why we choose to 3D print our prosthesis using mainly plastic from recycled bottles. Like the prosthesis I am wearing right now. In order to develop our prosthesis, the process will go like this. First, we'll use our 3D scan and our own parametrization software in order to take the measures of the amputated area and the other hand of the user. Then we'll recreate the entire set of fingers, the palm and the prosthesis socket in our computational model to finally 3D print each of those parts. So far in LAT Bionics, we have two types of prosthesis. Maki, which is a mechanical activation and Pisko, with electronic activation. Pisko cost just 10 percent of an imported robotic prosthesis that will come from abroad. This means that even more working-class people can access our technology. For me, this has been a path where I was able to develop this in my company LAT Bionics. So, for example, take Franco, [who] now is using his transradial Maki prostheses in order to get back to work with his providers on the jungle farm he has.

🔴The affordable, 3D-printed bionics of the future #Technology #Design #Invention #Innovation #Health #Prosthetics #TED_Fellows #3D_Printing 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜ 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜

🔴The benefits of daydreaming On a daily basis, you spend between a third and half your waking hours daydreaming. That may sound like a huge waste of time, but scientists think it must have some purpose, or humans wouldn’t have evolved to do so much of it. So to figure out what's going on here, let’s take a closer look at the mind-wanderer in chief: the bored teenager. Wouldn’t it be cool to discover something, anything. Like even this plant. Just to be one of those explorers who sails around drawing stuff for years on end and everyone thinks they’re a genius. But does anyone even do that anymore? Is there anything left to discover? And would I be tough enough to deal with the dysentery or scurvy or piranhas or whatever? I barely have the endurance to make it through track practice... but I will. Any day now, I’ll have the discipline to show up before sunrise and practice. I’ll win all my races. Winning will become so easy, I’ll pick up other events just for fun. And once I'm in the Olympics, they’ll have no choice but to crown me team captain, which I will graciously accept. And will I be nasty to the teammate who yelled at me? No. I’ll just calmly say, “hope you’re in a better mood.” Okay. Yours and other people's daydreams might sound or feel something like that. Let's see what was going on. To see what parts of the brain are active when you’re doing a task, or thinking, or daydreaming, scientists use brain imaging techniques that show increased blood flow and energy expenditure in those areas. These brain areas are active, working together and communicating with each other. Taken together, they're called the executive network. When your mind starts to wander, a different set of brain areas becomes active. These areas make up the default mode network. The name default mode makes it sound like nothing is going on. And in fact, for many years, scientists associated this pattern of activity with rest. But a closer look reveals that these are the brain areas involved when we revisit a memory, when we think about our plans and hopes, and yes, when our minds are wandering off on a wild daydream. The mind can wander to unproductive or distressing places and brood over negative past events, like an argument. It can also wander to neutral, everyday matters, like planning out the rest of one's afternoon. But where mind-wandering really gets interesting is when it crosses into the realm of free-moving associative thought that you aren’t consciously directing. This kind of mind-wandering is associated with increases in both ideas and positive emotions, and the evidence suggests that daydreaming can help people envision ways to reach their goals and navigate relationships and social situations. Scientists think there may be two essential parts to this process: a generative phase of free-flowing ideas and spontaneous thoughts, courtesy of the default mode network, followed by a process of selecting, developing, and pursuing the best ideas from that generative burst, driven by logical thinking thanks to the executive network. A host of imaging studies suggest that these two networks working in sync is a crucial condition for creative thinking. Taken together, the evidence clearly suggests the logical realm of the executive network and the imaginative realm of the default mode network are closely related. And as you can see, the executive network is still playing a role when the default mode network is doing its thing during daydreaming. In teenagers, the prefrontal cortex and other areas involved in executive function are still developing, but teens are perfectly capable of thinking through their problems and goals, especially when given space to do so on their own. #Memory #Education #Evolution #Psychology #Brain #Decision_Making #TED_Ed #Animation #Kids 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜ 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜

🔴The benefits of daydreaming #Memory #Education #Evolution #Psychology #Brain #Decision_Making #TED_Ed #Animation #Kids 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜ 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜

The good news is there's treatment for anxiety, and that you don't have to suffer. Remember, this isn't about weakness. It's about changing brain patterns, and research shows that our brains have the ability to reorganize and form new connections all throughout our lives. A good first step is to do the basics. Eat a balanced diet, exercise regularly and get plenty of sleep, as your mind is part of your body. It might also help to try meditation. Instead of our heart rate rising and our body tensing, with mindfulness and breathing, we can slow down the fight-or-flight response and improve how we feel in the moment. Cognitive behavioral therapy, a form of talk therapy, can also be fantastic. In it, you learn to identify upsetting thoughts and determine whether they're realistic. Over time, cognitive behavioral therapy can rebuild those neural pathways that tamp down the anxiety response. Medication can also give relief, in both the short-term and the long-term. In the short-term, anti-anxiety drugs can down-regulate the threat-detection mechanisms that are going into overdrive. Studies have shown that both long-term medications and cognitive behavioral therapy can reduce that overreactivity of the amygdala we see an anxiety disorders. High blood pressure and diabetes, they can be treated or managed over time. And the same is true for an anxiety disorder too. #Psychology #Biology #Brain #Mental_Health #Neuroscience #Human_Body 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜ 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜

🔴What's normal anxiety -- and what's an anxiety disorder? We live in a culture that doesn't take mental health issues seriously. There's a lot of stigma. Some people tell you to just suck it up, or get it together, or to stop worrying, or that it's all in your head. But I'm here to tell you that anxiety disorders, they're as real as diabetes. Hi again. It's Dr. Jen, and I've noticed something with my patients. They often describe to me some classic symptoms of an anxiety disorder. Constant worry, trouble sleeping, tense muscles and struggle with concentrating. But they aren't getting treatment. There's a lot of issues with mental-health care in this country. Some people don't have insurance that would cover it. Some have been dismissed or minimized in the past, and don't think seeking help will do any good. Some worry about the stigma and whether it could affect future jobs or relationships. But severe anxiety isn't a moral or personal failing. It's a health problem, just like strep throat or diabetes. It needs to be treated with the same kind of seriousness. Before we can talk about anxiety disorders, let's talk about anxiety itself. Anxiety is the very real and normal emotion we feel in a stressful situation. It's related to fear. But while fear is a response to an immediate threat that quickly subsides, anxiety is a response to more uncertain threats that tends to last much longer. It's all part of the threat detection system, which all animals have to some degree, to help protect us from predators. Anxiety starts in the brain's amygdala, a pair of almond-sized nerve bundles that alert other areas of the brain to be ready for defensive action. Next, the hypothalamus relays the signal, setting off what we call the stress response in our body. Our muscles tense, our breathing and heart rate increase and our blood pressure rises. Areas in the brain stem kick in and put you in a state of high alertness. This is the fight-or-flight response. There are ways the fight-or-flight response is kept somewhat in check, with an area of higher-level thinking called the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. It works like this. If a person sees something they think is dangerous, like a tiger, that sends a signal to the amygdala, saying "it's time to run." The ventromedial prefrontal cortex can say to the amygdala, "Hey, look. The tiger's in a cage. You know what a cage is? They can't escape from a cage. It's OK to calm down." It's a feedback loop that can help keep the response in check. The hippocampus is also involved. It provides context, saying things like, "Hey, we've seen tigers in cages before. We're in a zoo. You are extra safe." With anxiety, these threat-detection systems and mechanisms that reduce or inhibit them are functioning incorrectly and cause us to worry about the future and our safety in it. But for many people, it goes into overdrive. They experience persistent pervasive anxiety that disrupts work, school and relationships and leads them to avoid situations that may trigger symptoms. Anxiety disorders are not at all uncommon. Based on data from the World Mental Health Survey, researchers estimate that about 16 percent of individuals currently have or have had an anxiety disorder. These include social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia and phobias. Studies have shown that people with anxiety disorders don't just have a different way of reacting to stress. There may be actual differences in how their brain is working. One model describes possible mix-ups in the connections between the amygdala and other parts of the brain. The pathways that signal anxiety become stronger. And the more anxiety you have, the stronger the pathways become, and it becomes a vicious cycle.

🔴What's normal anxiety -- and what's an anxiety disorder? #Psychology #Biology #Brain #Mental_Health #Neuroscience #Human_Body 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜ 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜

The allegory of the ill-gotten magical ring that lures its wearer towards their darkest desires continues to inspire. So if the ring of Gyges fell into your hands, what would you do? #Education #Psychology #Philosophy #Humanity #TED_Ed #Animation #Ethics 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜ 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜

🔴The original ring of power A ring with supernatural abilities tempts its beholder with power. But there are no hobbits, dwarves, or Valkyries in this tale. In fact, the legend of the Ring of Gyges appeared long before those characters were ever committed to paper: more than 2,000 years ago, in the Greek philosopher Plato’s “Republic.” The story surfaces as the philosopher, Socrates, and his student, Glaucon, discuss why people act justly. Is it because it’s what’s right? Or because it’s a convention that’s enforced through punishment and reward? Playing devil’s advocate, Glaucon argues against Socrates and recounts the following story... Long ago, a shepherd named Gyges was tending his flock when an earthquake struck, ripping an opening to the ground. The chasm drew Gyges in. There, his eyes alighted upon a bronze horse, the doors to its central chamber ajar. Peering inside, Gyges discovered the corpse of a giant. On its finger, a golden ring, which Gyges pocketed before retracing his steps. Later, he sat among the other shepherds, fiddling with the mysterious ring when, suddenly, after absentmindedly twirling its stone, he became invisible. When he turned the stone back in the opposite direction, he reappeared. Emboldened by the ring’s powers, new possibilities bloomed before him, and a sordid plan hatched in his mind. Gyges became a messenger to the king of Lydia, and, inside the palace, used the ring to prowl undetected. He seduced the queen and convinced her to betray her husband. And soon Gyges, once a humble shepherd, had murdered the monarch and claimed the kingdom. Glaucon tells this story to illustrate how people can apparently benefit by acting unjustly. After all, wouldn’t any rational person act like Gyges if presented the opportunity to get what they desired without consequence? Exploring this argument, Glaucon breaks all good things into three classes. The first kinds, we desire for their own sake, like the experience of harmless pleasure. The second, we want only for the value they bring, though they may be onerous, like exercise or medicine. The third class comprises things we desire for their own sake and the value they offer, like knowledge and health. Glaucon argues that justice belongs to the second class of good: it’s a burden that nevertheless brings rewards. The only reason anyone conducts themselves virtuously, he reasons, is due to external influences. So it’s appearing— not actually being— virtuous that matters. Socrates, as written by Plato, disagrees, countering that justice belongs to the third class of good, offering both extrinsic and intrinsic benefits. Socrates argues that the human soul has three parts: reason, spirit, and appetite. Reason guides an individual to truth and knowledge, and is influenced by either spirit or appetite. Spirit is righteous, ambitious, and the source of bold action, while appetite consists of baser, bodily desires. To Socrates, the philosopher is led by reason, and their spirit keeps their appetite in check, making them the most just and the happiest. Even without consequences for self-serving wrongdoings, they wouldn't commit them. Meanwhile, the tyrant succumbs to appetite and acts unjustly. So, while Gyges may have attained power and wealth, Socrates implies that his soul would be in disharmony. He’d be enslaved to his own base desires rather than guided by reason and wouldn't be truly happy. Before Plato penned this discussion, Chinese philosopher Confucius similarly reasoned that by simply acting justly, one also benefits oneself. After, modern Western philosophers voiced varying beliefs. Thomas Hobbes, for instance, argued that the state of nature is violent and selfish. Justice, therefore, is imposed by authority. John Locke, in contrast, asserted that people are naturally obligated to act justly and they agree to participate in civil society to secure their natural rights.

🔴The original ring of power #Education #Psychology #Philosophy #Humanity #TED_Ed #Animation #Ethics 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜ 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜

So our hope is that one day, all underserved and immigrant children and their families will feel that they belong in the education system. Our dream is that one day, they'll feel included in the very communities that they're expected to build. Thank you. #Technology #Education #Innovation #Love #Communication #Parenting #Language #Family #Teaching 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜ 🎙Join ➣ @TEDTalksLearning ☜