Forensic Medicine and Toxicology(FMT) - AIM4PG

LAWS AND SECTIONS Section 317 in The Indian Penal Code 317. Exposure and abandonment of child under twelve years, by parent or person having care of it.—Whoever being the father or mother of a child under the age of twelve years, or having the care of such child, shall expose or leave such child in any place with the intention of wholly abandoning such child, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years, or with fine, or with both. Explanation.—This section is not intended to prevent the trial of the offender for murder or culpable homicide, as the case may be, if the child dies in consequence of the exposure.

LAWS AND SECTIONS Section 318 in The Indian Penal Code 318. Concealment of birth by secret disposal of dead body.—Whoever, by secretly burying or otherwise disposing of the death body of a child whether such child die before or after or during its birth, intentionally conceals or endeavours to conceal the birth of such child, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.

LAWS AND SECTIONS Section 326 in The Indian Penal Code 326. Voluntarily causing grievous hurt by dangerous weapons or means—Whoever, except in the case provided for by section 335, voluntarily causes grievous hurt by means of any instrument for shooting, stabbing or cutting, or any instrument which, used as a weapon of offence, is likely to cause death, or by means of fire or any heated substance, or by means of any poison or any corrosive substance, or by means of any explosive substance, or by means of any substance which it is deleterious to the human body to inhale, to swallow, or to re­ceive into the blood, or by means of any animal, shall be pun­ished with 1[imprisonment for life], or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine. 326 A - acid attack 326 B - acid attempt

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LAWS AND SECTIONS Section 416 in The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973 416. Postponement of capital sentence pregnant woman. If a woman sentenced to death is found to be pregnant, the High Court shall order the execution of the sentence to be postponed, and may, if it thinks fit, commute the sentence to imprisonment for life. B.- Imprisonment

LAWS AND SECTIONS IPC 319 :- simple hurt IPC 320 :- grievous hurt IPC 321 :- simple hurt voluntarily without provocation IPC 322:- Griveous hurt voluntarily without provocation IPC 323 :- simple hurt by non dangerous weapon .Eg:- teacher slapping the student IPC 324:- simple hurt by dangerous weapon. Eg:-Shooting a person with rifle but the bullet just touching the body without causing much harm IPC 325:- Grievous hurt by non dangerous weapon .Eg :- Stabbing a person ,causing the loss of teeth or fracture of a bone. IPC 326 :- Grievous hurt by a dangerous weapon .Eg:- killing a person with a dagger ( penetrating injury caused )

LAWS AND SECTIONS Section 160 in The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973 160. Police officer' s power to require attendance of witnesses. ▶️ Any police officer, making an investigation under this Chapter may, by order in writing, require the attendance before himself of any person being within the limits of his own or any adjoining station who, from the information given or otherwise, appears to be acquainted with the facts and circumstances of the case; and such person shall attend as so required: Provided that no male person under the age of fifteen years or woman shall be required to attend at any place other than the place in which such male person or woman resides. ▶️The State Government may, by rules made in this behalf, provide for the payment by the police officer of the reasonable expenses of every person, attending under sub- section (1) at any place other than his residence

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LAWS AND SECTIONS Section 176 in The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973 176. Inquiry by Magistrate into cause of death. ▶️When any person dies while in the custody of the police. ▶️The Magistrate holding such an inquiry shall record the evidence taken by him in connection therewith in any manner hereinafter prescribed according to the circumstances of the case. ▶️ Whenever such Magistrate considers it expedient to make an examination of the dead body of any person who has been already interred, in order to discover the cause of his death, the Magistrate may cause the body to be disinterred and examined. ▶️Where an inquiry is to be held under this section, the Magistrate shall, wherever practicable, inform the relatives of the deceased whose names and addresses are known, and shall allow them to remain present at the inquiry. Explanation.- In this section, expression" relative" means parents, children, brothers, sisters and spouse. 

LAWS AND SECTIONS Section 174 in The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973 174. Police to enquire and report on suicide, etc. ▶️When the officer in charge of a police station or some other police officer specially empowered by the State Government in that behalf receives information that a person has committed suicide, or has been killed by another or by an animal or by machinery or by an accident, or has died under circumstances raising a reasonable suspicion that some other person has committed an offence, he shall immediately give intimation thereof to the nearest Executive Magistrate empowered to hold inquests, and, unless otherwise directed by any rule prescribed by the State Government, or by any general or special order of the District or Sub- divisional Magistrate, ▶️ When (i) the case involves suicide by a woman within seven years of her marriage; or (ii) the case relates to the death of a woman within seven years of her marriage in any circumstances raising a reasonable suspicion that some other person committed an offence in relation to such woman; or (iii) the case relates to the death of a woman within seven years of her marriage and any relative of the woman has made a request in this behalf; or (iv) there is any doubt regarding the cause of death; or (v) the police officer for any other reason considers it expedient so to do, he shall. subject to such rules as the State Government may prescribe in this behalf, forward the body, with a view to its being examined, to the nearest Civil Surgeon, or other qualified medical man appointed in this behalf by the State Government, if the state of the weather and the distance admit of its being so forwarded without risk of such putrefaction on the road as would render such examination useless. ▶️ The following Magistrates are empowered to hold inquests, namely, any District Magistrate or Sub- divisional Magistrate and any other Executive Magistrate specially empowered in this behalf by the State Government or the District Magistrate

LAWS AND SECTIONS ; Cognizable and no cognizable related section ▶️ Section 2(c) in The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973 :- (c) " cognizable offence" means an offence for which, and" cognizable case" means a case in which, a police officer may, in accordance with the First Schedule or under any other law for the time being in force, arrest without warrant; ▶️Section 2(l) in The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973 :- (l) " non- cognizable offence" means an offence for which, and" non- cognizable case" means a case in which, a police officer has no authority to arrest without warrant;

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CHRONIC POISONING OF COPPER It may occur in workers with the metal due to inhalation of dust or from food being contaminated with verdigris. Chronic inhalation of copper sulphate spray can cause vineyard sprayer's lung disease characterised by a histiocytic granulomatous lung. Chronic poisoning causes Wilson's disease. symptoms consist of 1. gradual anaemia 2. green line on gums 3. nausea, vomiting, colic, diarrhoea 4.malaise, 5. peripheral neuritis,degeneration and atrophy of muscle The presence of copper deposits in the tissues is called CHALCOSIS. Copper may be deposited in the cornea resulting in a pigmented ring in the deeper layers. Chronic contact with swimming pool water containing algicidal copper chemicals can cause green hair discolouration.

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SPEED BALL A speedball is a mixture of the illicit drugs heroine and cocaine. Typically, speedballing involves both substances being injected into the bloodstream via needs, but they are sometimes snorted nasally together as well. Speedballing is especially risky because it forces the body to process more, different types of drugs simultaneously. Taking a depressant and a stimulant together causes a “push-pull” reaction in the body that can be very dangerous. Cocaine uses more oxygen in the body while heroin slows breathing — putting a strain on overactive lungs, heart, and brain and causing confusion and turmoil in the body. In particular, speedballing makes it more difficult for the body to receive the amount of oxygen needed to keep itself safe and balance out the effects of cocaine. Even worse, because cocaine wears off much faster than heroin, people who speedball tend to inject more often than those who use either heroin or cocaine separately.

Chronic mercury poisoning Chronic exposure tof elemental mercury yields a classic triad of gingivitis and salivation, tremors and neuropsychiatric changes. The symptoms of chronic poisoning are 1. salivation 2. inflammation of gums 3. occasionally a blue line at their junction with teeth 4. sore mouth and throat 5. loosening of teeth 6. gastrointestinal disturbances 7. anaemia, 8. anorexia, loss of weight 9. chronic inflammation of kidneys with progressive uraemia. Tremors (sometimes called Danbury tremors) occur first in the hands, then progress to lips and tongue and finally involve arms and legs. The tremor is moderately coarse and is interspersed by jerky movements. The advanced condition is called hatter's shakes or· glass-blower's shakes, because they are common in persons working in glass-blowing and hat industries. The patient then becomes unable to dress himself. write legibly or walk properly. The most severe form is known as concussion mercurialis, in which no activity is possible. Mercurial erethism is seen in persons working with mercury in minor manufacturing firms. This term is used to refer to the psychological effects of mercury toxicity. These include 1.anxiety, 2. depression, 3. shyness, 4. timidity 5. irritability 6. loss of confidence 7. mental depression 8. delusions and hallucinations 9. suicidal melancholia 10.manic depressive psychosis (mad hatter) 11. emotional instability 12. loss of memory 13. insomnia. Mercurialentis is a peculiar eye change due to exposure to the vapour of mercury. It is due to brownish deposit of mercury through the cornea on the anterior lens capsule. Slit-lamp examination demonstrates a malt-brown reflex from the anterior lens capsule. It is bilateral and has no effect on visual acuity. Renal damage results in membranous glomerulonephritis with hyaline casts and fatty casts in the urine. Kidney is the primary target.

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Designer drugs: They are synthetic variations of well-known controlled drugs, such as fentanyl , phencyclidine, mescaline, etc. with similar pharmacological effects but different molecular structures. The most commonly known types of synthetic analog drugs available in the illicit drug market include analogs of fentanyl and meperidine, phencyclidine, amphetamine and methamphetamine Narcotic addicts may be murdered by a 'hot shot'. This is a dose of narcotic with poison, such as strychnine in it. In such cases, only signs of anoxia and cerebral depression are present. Another method of accidental or homicidal death is by the use of a purer drug than the addict has been using.

Marquis test :- A widely used presumptive test that gives a variety of colour changes with a range of compounds. It is particularly useful for detecting opiate alkaloids and for amphetamines and methamphetamine. Marquis reagent is a mixture of methanal (formaldehyde) solution in water with sulphuric acid. Mescaline gives an orange colouration. With morphine, a violet colour is produced. Amphetamines give an orange-red colour and methamphetamine gives an orange colour. The two can be distinguished by the Simon test. The mechanism involves attack of the aldehyde an a substituted aromatic ring to form a carbocation. Further reaction forms a coloured dimer of the original molecule.