UGC NET/JRF Psychology

💢Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. Needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before individuals can attend to needs higher up. This five-stage model can be divided into deficiency needs and growth needs. The first four levels are often referred to as deficiency needs (D-needs), and the top level is known as growth or being needs (B-needs). Source : https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html

The books for UGC NET Paper 2. Start from basics NCERT for 11th & 12th should be read thoroughly Read the general psychology book named ‘ Psychology' by Robert Baron thoroughly - thank me later for recommending this book (almost 10Q asked from this) Morgan and king Solso and Galotti - for cognitive psychology Personality- hall and Lindsay. (Read the theories, concepts and biographies ) Read a book on industrial psychology and physiological psychology - this is a must because these are 2 major focal areas - you could read Schultz and Schultz , and Pinel. As for clinical psychology.. Abnormal psychology by Butcher and Handbook of psychiatry. For research methods - statistical reasoning by Bruce King. For testing - Kaplan For therapies - Corey and Nelson-Jones. You can do it. Study hard

💊Acetylcholine Acetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter occurring throughout the nervous system and is the most well understood and studied. Acetylcholine has many functions ranging from the stimulation of muscles, including the muscles of the gastrointestinal system to vital organs. It is also found in sensory neurons and in the autonomic nervous system and has a part in scheduling the “dream state” while an individual is fast asleep. Acetylcholine plays a vital role in the normal functioning of muscles. For example, the plant poisons, curare, and hemlock cause paralysis of muscles by blocking the acetylcholine receptor sites of myocytes. The well-known poison botulin works by preventing the vesicles in the axon ending from releasing acetylcholine, thus leading to paralysis of the effector muscle. 💊Norepinephrine Norepinephrine, also known as noradrenaline, is an excitatory neurotransmitter. It acts to increase the alertness of the nervous system as well as to stimulate the processes in the body. For example, it is very important in the endogenous production of epinephrine. Norepinephrine has been implicated in mood disorders such as anxiety, in which case its concentration in the body is abnormally high. Alternatively, an abnormally low concentration of it may lead to an impaired sleep cycle. 💊Epinephrine Also known as adrenaline, epinephrine is an excitatory neurotransmitter produced by the adrenal glands and released into the bloodstream. It prepares the body for the fight or flight reaction. That means that when a person is highly stimulated (fear, anger etc), extra amounts of epinephrine are released into the bloodstream. This release of epinephrine, increases the heart rate, the blood pressure and the glucose production from the liver (glycogenolysis). In this way, the nervous and the endocrine system prepare the body for dangerous and extreme situations.  💊Dopamine Dopamine is considered a special type of neurotransmitter because its effects are both excitatory and inhibitory. It is strongly associated with the reward mechanisms in the brain, and drugs such as cocaine, opium, heroin, and alcohol can temporarily increase its levels in the blood, leading to abnormal firing of nerve cells, which may sometimes manifest as intoxication, or several manners of consciousness/focus issues (such as not remembering where we put our keys, or forgetting what a paragraph said when we have just finished reading it, or simply daydreaming and not being able to stay on task). However, an appropriate secretion of dopamine in the bloodstream plays a role in the motivation or desire to complete a task. 💊GABA Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. An abnormally low secretion of GABA may cause conditions like anxiety. Because it is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA acts as a brake to the excitatory neurotransmitters, and thus when it is abnormally low this can lead to anxiety. It is widely distributed in the brain and plays a principal role in reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system. 💊Glutamate Glutamate is another neurotransmitter with an excitatory effect and usually ensures homeostasis with the effects of GABA. excessive levels of it can be toxic to the nerve cells and may lead to conditions like stroke. 💊Serotonin Serotonin is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that has been found to be intimately involved in emotion and mood. Adequate amounts of serotonin are necessary for a stable mood, and also to balance any excessive excitatory neurotransmitter effects in the brain. Like norepinephrine, serotonin also regulates many processes in the body, such as carbohydrate cravings, the sleep cycle, pain control, and the digestion of food. An insufficient secretion of serotonin may result in decreased immune system function, as well as a range of emotional disorders like depression, anger control problems, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and even suicidal tendencies.

Neurotransmitters: Classification; 📍Neurotransmitters can be classified as either excitatory or inhibitory. Excitatory neurotransmitters function to activate receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and enhance the effects of the action potential, while inhibitory neurotransmitters function in a reverse mechanism.

Paired comparison method Paired comparison involves pairwise comparison – i.e., comparing entities in pairs to judge which is preferable or has a certain level of some property. LL Thurstone first established the scientific approach to using this approach for measurement. The paired comparison method is particularly applicable when the jobs are significantly different from one another and where a relative measurement promises to yield insight. It is therefore useful for business situations which typically involve setting priorities in the context of limited resources. It is a method of comparing employee and job with another one on  the basis of skill sets, time required to execute tasks, knowledge etc. If there are 5 employees A-E, A will be compared individually to B, to C and similarly to the remaining employees. If A is better than be a “+” will be marked against his name, and if he is not as good as C, a “-“will be marked. The total number of decisions in this case will be 10. The number of decisions can be calculated by the formula N(N-1)/2, where N represents the total number of employees being evaluated. In the diagram below employee C has the most “+” and hence will receive more incentives.

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🔑Earth summit, 1992 (UNCED) United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) led to 🛎UNFCC 🛎CBD 🛎UNCCD

💊Acetylcholine Acetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter occurring throughout the nervous system and is the most well understood and studied. Acetylcholine has many functions ranging from the stimulation of muscles, including the muscles of the gastrointestinal system to vital organs. It is also found in sensory neurons and in the autonomic nervous system and has a part in scheduling the “dream state” while an individual is fast asleep. Acetylcholine plays a vital role in the normal functioning of muscles. For example, the plant poisons, curare, and hemlock cause paralysis of muscles by blocking the acetylcholine receptor sites of myocytes. The well-known poison botulin works by preventing the vesicles in the axon ending from releasing acetylcholine, thus leading to paralysis of the effector muscle. 💊Norepinephrine Norepinephrine, also known as noradrenaline, is an excitatory neurotransmitter. It acts to increase the alertness of the nervous system as well as to stimulate the processes in the body. For example, it is very important in the endogenous production of epinephrine. Norepinephrine has been implicated in mood disorders such as anxiety, in which case its concentration in the body is abnormally high. Alternatively, an abnormally low concentration of it may lead to an impaired sleep cycle. 💊Epinephrine Also known as adrenaline, epinephrine is an excitatory neurotransmitter produced by the adrenal glands and released into the bloodstream. It prepares the body for the fight or flight reaction. That means that when a person is highly stimulated (fear, anger etc), extra amounts of epinephrine are released into the bloodstream. This release of epinephrine, increases the heart rate, the blood pressure and the glucose production from the liver (glycogenolysis). In this way, the nervous and the endocrine system prepare the body for dangerous and extreme situations.  💊Dopamine Dopamine is considered a special type of neurotransmitter because its effects are both excitatory and inhibitory. It is strongly associated with the reward mechanisms in the brain, and drugs such as cocaine, opium, heroin, and alcohol can temporarily increase its levels in the blood, leading to abnormal firing of nerve cells, which may sometimes manifest as intoxication, or several manners of consciousness/focus issues (such as not remembering where we put our keys, or forgetting what a paragraph said when we have just finished reading it, or simply daydreaming and not being able to stay on task). However, an appropriate secretion of dopamine in the bloodstream plays a role in the motivation or desire to complete a task. 💊GABA Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. An abnormally low secretion of GABA may cause conditions like anxiety. Because it is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA acts as a brake to the excitatory neurotransmitters, and thus when it is abnormally low this can lead to anxiety. It is widely distributed in the brain and plays a principal role in reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system. 💊Glutamate Glutamate is another neurotransmitter with an excitatory effect and usually ensures homeostasis with the effects of GABA. excessive levels of it can be toxic to the nerve cells and may lead to conditions like stroke. 💊Serotonin Serotonin is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that has been found to be intimately involved in emotion and mood. Adequate amounts of serotonin are necessary for a stable mood, and also to balance any excessive excitatory neurotransmitter effects in the brain. Like norepinephrine, serotonin also regulates many processes in the body, such as carbohydrate cravings, the sleep cycle, pain control, and the digestion of food. An insufficient secretion of serotonin may result in decreased immune system function, as well as a range of emotional disorders like depression, anger control problems, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and even suicidal tendencies.

Neurotransmitters: Classification; 📍Neurotransmitters can be classified as either excitatory or inhibitory. Excitatory neurotransmitters function to activate receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and enhance the effects of the action potential, while inhibitory neurotransmitters function in a reverse mechanism.

International Day of Disabled Persons International Day of Disabled Persons is observed annually by the United Nations General Assembly from 1992. It aims to promote the rights and well-being of persons with disabilities and to increase awareness of their situation in every aspect of political, social, economic and cultural life. The theme for 2018 is ‘Empowering persons with disabilities and ensuring inclusiveness and equality’. This year’s theme focuses on empowering persons with disabilities for an inclusive, equitable and sustainable development as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Persons with disabilities, as both beneficiaries and agents of change, can fast track the process towards inclusive and sustainable development and promote resilient society for all, including in the context of disaster risk reduction and humanitarian action, and urban development.

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UGC NET/JRF Psychology: Motivation involves three psychological processes: arousal, direction, and intensity. Arousal is what initiates action. It is often fueled by a person's need or desire for something that is missing from his or her life, either totally or partially. Direction refers to the path employees take in accomplishing the goals they set for themselves. Intensity is the amount of energy employees put into goal-directed work performance. The level of intensity often reflects the importance and difficulty of the goal. These psychological processes involve four factors. First, motivation serves to direct attention, focusing on particular issues, people, tasks, etc. Second, it serves to stimulate effort. Third, motivation influences persistence. Finally, motivation influences the choice and application of task-related strategies.

Q. ‘PRASHAD Scheme’ is associated with a) Tourism b) Textiles c) Skill Development d) Rural education

Q. The Jal Marg Vikas Project approved by the Cabinet in January this year receives financial assistance from the World Bank to upgrade navigability on National Waterway 1 from a. Varanasi to Haldia b. Geonkhali to Kolaghat c. Patna to prayagraj d. None of these

Paper 1 Green GDP Green GDP is a term used for expressing GDP after adjusting for environment degradations. Green GDP is an attempt to measure the growth of an economy by subtracting the costs of environmental damages and ecological degradations from the GDP The concept was first initiated through a System of National Accounts. The System of National Accounts (SNA) is an accounting framework for measuring the economic activities of production, consumption and accumulation of wealth in an economy during a period of time. When information on economy’s use of the natural environment is integrated into the system of national accounts, it becomes green national accounts or environmental accounting. The process of environmental accounting involves three steps viz. Physical accounting; Monetary valuation; and integration with national Income/wealth Accounts: Physical accounting determines the state of the resources, types, and extent (qualitative and quantitative) in spatial and temporal terms. Monetary valuation is done to determine its tangible and intangible components. Thereafter, the net change in natural resources in monetary terms is integrated into the Gross Domestic Product in order to reach the value of Green GDP

Indian Council of Social Science💎 💎Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) was established in the year of 1969 by the Government of India to promote research in social sciences in the country. 💎Its one of the important function is to advise the Government of India on all matters pertaining to social science research as may be referred to it from time to time, and take such measures generally as may be necessary from time to time to promote social science research and its utilization.

National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) Bangalore💦 💦Established in 1925, NIMHANS, the apex center for mental health and neuroscience education in the country It operates autonomously under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. 💦The institute was inaugurated on 27 December 1974, establishing it as an autonomous body under the Societies Registration Act. 💦NIMHANS is a multidisciplinary institute for patient care and academic pursuit in the frontier area of mental health and neurosciences.