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UPSC Notes CSE Notes:
List of constitutional bodies in India along with the relevant articles of the Indian Constitution that establish or provide for their creation:
1. Election Commission of India (ECI):
- Article 324
2. Union Public Service Commission (UPSC):
- Article 315-323
3. State Public Service Commissions (SPSC):
- Article 315
4. Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG):
- Article 148-151
5. Attorney General of India:
- Article 76 Join @CseUPSCnotes
6. Solicitor General of India:
- Article 76
7. National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC): join @cseupscnotes
- Article 338
8. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST):
- Article 338A
9. Finance Commission:
- Article 280
10. Inter-State Council:
- Article 263
List of statutory bodies in india 1. National Human Rights Commission (NHRC):
- Not specifically mentioned in the Constitution but established through the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.
2. National Commission for Women (NCW):
- Not specifically mentioned in the Constitution but established through an Act of Parliament in 1990.
3. National Commission for Minorities (NCM):
- Not specifically mentioned in the Constitution but established through the National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992. @cseupscnotes
4. National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC):
- Not specifically mentioned in the Constitution but established through the National Commission for Backward Classes Act, 1993.
5. Planning Commission (Replaced by NITI Aayog):
- Not specifically mentioned in the Constitution. The Planning Commission was set up by a Government Resolution, and NITI Aayog was established through an Executive Order.
6. NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India):
- Established through an Executive Order, not mentioned in the Constitution.
7. Language Commission:
- Not specifically mentioned in the Constitution but established through various resolutions and recommendations.
8. Delimitation Commission:
- Delimitation is carried out based on Delimitation Acts, not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution.
9. National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR):
- Not specifically mentioned in the Constitution but established through the Commissions for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005.
10. Central Vigilance Commission (CVC):
- Not specifically mentioned in the Constitution but established through the Central Vigilance Commission Act, 2003.
11. Central Information Commission (CIC):
- Not specifically mentioned in the Constitution but established through the Right to Information Act, 2005.
These constitutional and statutory bodies collectively contribute to the governance and oversight of various aspects of the Indian state.
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Constitutional bodies in India
*Attorney General of India
*National Commission for Scheduled Castes,
*National Commission for Scheduled Tribes,
*National Commission for Backward Classes, etc.
Statutory Bodies in India
*National Commission for Women
*Central Vigilance Commission
*National Green Tribunal
Direct Tax
These types of taxes are directly paid to the government of India by individual/entity
Types of Direct Taxes in India
A. Income Tax
This tax is well known in India. This tax is paid by the taxpayer whose income exceeds the taxable limit. The taxpayers have to pay tax on applicable rates. As per income tax rate for F.Y 2018-19, we do not have to pay income tax if your income is up to INR 2,50,000. But if your earning exceeds 2.5 lakhs then you have to pay 5% tax as income tax up to INR 5 lakhs of Income. Rebate of 2500/- is available for total income up to 3.5 lacs.
B.Capital Gains Tax
Capital gain tax is the tax that has to be borne by the individual/entity at the time of sale of any capital asset for instance property, shares, bonds and valuable material etc . It is levied on the difference between sale price and purchase cost (or indexed cost).
Capital gain can be long term or short term on the basis of holding period of the capital assets. For instance, for immovable property, if holding period is greater than 24 months then it will be treated as long term capital gain.
Tax rate for short term and long term capital gain differs based on their nature.
C. Securities Transaction Tax
Securities transaction tax (STT) was introduced in the 2004 Union Budget and came into effect from 1 October 2004.The basic motive behind introduction of Securities transaction tax (STT) was to curb curb evading of taxes on profits from capital gains earned by transacting in securities. This tax is levied at the time of purchase and sale of securities listed on stock exchanges in India. The rate of STT differs based on the type of security traded and whether the transaction is a purchase or a sale.
D. Fringe Benefit Tax
Tax paid on fringe benefits provided by the company to employees. This is separate to income tax and is calculated on the taxable value of the fringe benefits provided.
E. Corporate Tax
Corporate tax also called corporation tax is levied on the income of corporate bodies of our country. In India, the taxation companies are divided into international and domestic companies.
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✅FIRST'S FEMALE IN NEWS 2022-23
➢ Lieutenant Shivangi Singh is the first woman Rafale pilot to take part in Orion Exercise 2023.
➢ Wing Commander Deepika Mishra has become the first woman Air Force officer to receive the
Gallantry Medal.
➢ New Zealand-born Kim Cotton has become the first female umpire to officiate in a Men’s T20
International (T20I) cricket match involving two ICC full-member nations.
➢ Sheenu Jhawar becomes first woman president of TiE Rajasthan.
➢ American Space Agency, NASA has selected the first woman astronaut, Christina Koch for its
Artemis II mission.
➢ Surekha Yadav, Asia’s 1st woman loco pilot who now operates Vande Bharat, From Solapur to
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminal (CSMT) in Maharashtra.
➢ Shalija Dhami becomes first woman officer to command a fighter unit in Indian Air Force (IAF).
➢ Colonel Geeta Rana became the first woman officer to command a field workshop.
➢ Captain Shiva Chauhan becomes the first women officer to be operationally deployed in the highest
battleground in Kumar Post on the Siachen glacier.
➢ The first woman officer to be posted on foreign assignment in the Border Roads Organization (BRO)
- Captain Surabhi Jakhmola.
➢ Rae Bareli's hockey stadium is named after hockey star Rani Rampal, first woman player from India
to achieve this feat.
➢ Hekani Jakhalu became the first female MLA of Nagaland Assembly.
➢ Equatorial Guinea appoints Manuela Roka Botey as first female PM.
➢ Indian-origin Manpreet Monica Singh sworn in as 1st female Sikh judge of USA.
➢ Santhi Kumari Appointed as First Woman Chief Secretary of Telangana.
➢ Saudi Arabia's Rayna Barnawi first female astronaut is set to go into space this year .
➢ Dina Boluarte became Peru’s first female president.
➢ FIFA has announced that Stephanie Frappart of France will be the first woman to
➢ referee a men’s’ World Cup match.
➢ PT Usha Become First Women President of Indian Olympic Association.
➢ Natasa Pirc Musar has been elected as the first female President of Slovenia.
➢ Giorgia Meloni looks set to become Italy’s first woman prime minister.
➢ Nallathamby Kalaiselvi has become the first woman director general of the Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research (CSIR).
➢ Draupadi Murmu may become India’s First Tribal and Second Female President.
➢ Priyanka Mohite becomes first Indian woman to climb five peaks above 8,000 metres.
➢ Gita Gopinath becomes 1st woman to feature on IMF’s ‘wall of former chief economists’.
➢ Lisa Sthalekar becomes first female president of Federation of International
➢ Cricketers’ Association (FICA).
➢ Abhilasha Barak becomes the Indian Army’s first woman combat aviator.
➢ Santishree Dhulipudi Pandit named as first woman Vice Chancellor of JNU.
➢ Mithali Raj becomes first woman cricketer to appear at six Cricket World Cups.
➢ Justice Ayesha Malik to be Pakistan’s first woman Supreme Court judge.
➢ Xiomara Castro sworn in as first female President of Honduras
➢ Dhriti Banerjee appointed first woman director of Zoological Survey of India.
➢ Mawya Sudan becomes IAF’s 1st woman fighter pilot from J&K.
➢ Costa Rica’s Rebeca Grynspan first female secretary-general of UNCTAD.
➢ Claire Polosak set to become first female match official in men’s Test match.
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