Junior Engineer Civil (JEC) Sub Assistant Engineer, WBPSC, PSC, GOVT Job update, সিভিল ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিং, সরকারি চাকরির প্রস্তুতি
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👉 TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS : -
✒️ Shallow Foundations -
🔹 These types of foundations in which load transference is primarily through shear resistance of the bearing strata and are laid normally to depth of 3 m.
♾ The various types of shallow foundations (With IS Code) :
🔸 Spread footing - See IS : 1080-1986
🔸 Strip footing - See IS : 1080-1986
🔸 Raft foundation - See IS : 2950 ( Part 1 )-1981
🔸 Ring and shell foundation -See IS : 11089-1984 and IS : 9456-1980
✒️ Deep Foundations -
🔹 This is a foundation generally in the form of piles, caissons, diaphragm walls, used separately or in combination to transmit the loads to a deeper load bearing strata when, no adequate bearing strata exists at shallow depths. The transference of load by a deep foundation may be through friction, end-bearing or a combination of both.
♾ The various types of deep foundations (With IS Code) :
🔸 Pile Foundations
🔺 Driven cast in-situ Pile - See IS : 2911 ( Part l/Set 1)-1979
🔺 Board cast in-situ Pile - See IS : 2911 ( Part l/Set 2 )-1979
🔺 Driven precast Pile - See IS : 2911 ( Part l/Set 3 )-1979
🔺 Board precast Pile - See IS : 2911 ( Part l/Set 4 )-1984
🔺 Timber Pile - See IS : 2911 ( Part 2 )-1980
🔺 Under-reamed Pile - See IS : 2911 ( Part 3 )-1980
🔸 Caissons - See IS : 9527 ( Part 1 )-1981
🔸 Diaphragm walls - See IS : 9556-1980
🔸 Well foundation
🔸 Combined Foundations - Two or more types of above foundations
✒️ Foundations for Special Structure -
🔹 Foundations for certain structures and/or machineries require special design and detailing procedure taking into consideration the impact and vibration characteristics of the load and the soil properties under dynamic conditions and may have combination of foundation structure.
🔸 Machine foundations (With IS Code) :
🔺 Reciprocating type - See IS :‘2974 ( Part 1 )-1982
🔺 Impact type - See IS : 2974 ( Part 2 )-1980
🔺 Rotary type ( medium and high frequency ) - See IS : 2974 (Part 3 )-1975
🔺 Rotary type low frequency - See IS : 2974 ( Part 4 )-1975
🔺 Impact type ( other than hammer ) - See IS : 2974 ( Part 5 )- 1987
🔸 Tower foundations (With IS Code) :
🔺 Transmission line towers and poles - See IS : 4091-1979
🔺 Radar antenna, microwave and TV tower - See IS : 11233- 1985
| 2 | 👉Portland Pozzolana Cement : -
✒️ Pozzolana Materials used in Portland Pozzolana Cement :
🔹 Natural material such as diatomaceous earth
🔹 Materials processed by calcination of soil for example, burnt clay pozzolana
🔹 Artificial material such as fly ash
✒️ Manufacture of Portland Pozzolana Cement:
🔹 Grinding together Portland cement clinker and pozzolana in proportions of 10 to 25 percent with the addition of gypsum
🔹 Intimately and uniformly blending ordinary Portland cement and fine pozzolana
✒️ Characteristics of Portland Pozzolana Cement:
🔹 This cement produces less heat of hydration
🔹 Offers greater resistance to the attack of aggressive waters than ordinary Portland cement
✒️ Applications of Portland Pozzolana Cement:
🔹 It is particularly useful in marine construction
🔹 Mass concrete structures
🔹 It is used whenever ordinary Portland cement is usable under normal conditions
✒️ Specifications of Portland Pozzolana Cement:
🔹 7and 28 days compressive strength same as ordinary Portland cement
🔹 It reduces demand pressure on ordinary Portland cement in general building construction | 207 |
| 3 | 👉 Portland slag cement : -
✒️ Portland slag cement is manufactured by :
🔹 Intergrinding a mixture of Portland cement clinker and granulated slag with gypsum.
🔹 or by an intimate and uniform blending of Portland cement with finely ground granulated slag.
✒️ The resultant product has physical properties similar to those of ordinary Portland cement.
✒️ Extra benefits of Portland slag cement :
🔹 Low heat of hydration.
🔹 Better resistance to soils and water with excessive sulphates.
🔹 Resistance to acid waters.
🔹 Suitability for marine works.
✒️ However, Indian slags are characterized by comparatively higher alumina contents and the slag content may vary between 25 to 65 percent.
✒️ Portland slag cement is to be chosen for its resistance to sulphates attack and marine environments. | 185 |
| 4 | Rapid Hardening Portland Cement : -
✒️ Rapid hardening Portland cement has similar properties as that of ordinary Portland cement.
✒️ Though rapid hardening Portland cement is more finely ground and slightly altered in chemical composition than ordinary Portland cement.
✒️ ‘Super fine Portland cement’ is also covered under rapid hardening Portland cement by IS : 8041-1978.
✒️ It gains strength more rapidly at earlier ages.
✒️ But its strength at 28 days is comparable to that of ordinary Portland cement.
✒️ Its fineness leads to increased shrinkage, which should be considered in design. | 169 |
| 5 | Contingencies:- Provision made in the estimates for meeting out unforeseen incidental expenses of miscellaneous character which cannot appropriately be classified under any distinct sub head or sub work, yet pertain to work as a whole and are contingent to the completion of the work. | 204 |
| 6 | Earnest Money:- Amount paid by a bidder in required form as a security for not backing out from his/her tender before its acceptance or refusing to execute the work after it has been awarded to him/her. | 186 |
| 7 | Igneous Rocks Classification Based on Mode of Occurrence:
👉 Intrusive or Plutonic Igneous Rocks:
Formed from magma cooling slowly beneath the Earth's surface.
Example: Granite, Gabbro etc.
👉 Extrusive or Volcanic Igneous Rocks:
Formed from magma cooling rapidly on or near the Earth's surface.
Example: Basalt, Rhyolite etc. | 231 |
| 8 | 🔶 Granite: → Compressive Strength: 100-250 MPa → Tensile Strength: 7-25 MPa → Shear Strength: High → Impact Strength: Very High → Flexural Strength: 10-25 MPa → Specific Gravity: 2.6 to 2.8
→ Density: 2600 to 2800 kg/m³ | 239 |
| 9 | In a Mohr's diagram, a point above Mohr's envelope indicates | 442 |
| 10 | Lacustrine soils are | 410 |
| 11 | A soil sample is having a specific gravity of 2.60 and a void ratio of 0.78. The water content in percentage required to fully saturate the soil at the void rato would be | 370 |
| 12 | A pycnometer is used to determine | 312 |
| 13 | For proper field control, which of the following method is best suited for quick determination of water content of a soil mass ? | 317 |
| 14 | 1. The ratio of volume of voids to the total volume of soil mass is called | 318 |
| 15 | What is the main disadvantage of the Aeration
process? | 659 |
| 16 | Which of the following methods is best suited for determination of permeability of coarse-grained soils? | 557 |
| 17 | Name the canal designed for irrigation throughout the year? | 483 |
| 18 | A line joining the apex of a triangle to some fixed point on the opposite side is called a | 445 |
| 19 | Which of the following methods is NOT used for the calculation of depreciation of a structure | 395 |
| 20 | A simply supported beam has an effective span of 12 m. What shall be the limiting ratio of span to effective depth as per IS:456-2000? | 372 |
