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Stool and urine

Stool and urine

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https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAEalGbSToS-Os6Ceig شرح كيسات عن تحليل GUE GSE Seminal fluid Synovial fluid CSF.......

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Channel Posts
Stool and urine
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👉Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiens نلكه عدهم ➖anemia, moderate leucocytosis, and thrombocytopenia. ➖High levels of immunoglobulins mainly immunoglobulin (Ig)M 👉Trypanosoma Brucei Rhodesiense نلكه عدهم ➖Anemia and monocytosis. ➖Raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate due to rise in gamma globulin levels. ➖Reversal of albumin:globulin ratio. 👉leishmaniasis يكون عدهم ➖ normocytic normochromic anemia and thrombocytopenia. ➖ Leucocyte count reveals leucopenia relative increase of lymphocytes and monocytes. ➖Eosinophil granulocytes are absent. ➖Serum shows hypergammaglobulinemia and a reversal of the albumin: globulin ratio. ➖Liver function tests show mild elevations. 👉falciparum malaria اهم مضاعفاتها • Cerebral Malaria • Algid Malaria • Septicemic Malaria • Blackwater fever • Pulmonary edema • Acute renal failure • Hypoglycemia (<40 mg/dL) • Severe anemia (Hb <5 g/dL., PCV <15%) • Hyperpyrexia • Metabolic acidosis and shock 👉 Fasciola hepatica fever, right upper quadrant pain, hepatomegaly. Chronic phase–biliary obstruction, obstructive jaundice, cholelithiasis, and anemia. 👉Trichuris trichiura abdominal pain, mucous diarrhea, anemia and weight loss.
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👈الطفيلي الي يسبب iron-deficiency anemia هي ➖hookworm infection (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale) ➖whipworm infection (Trichuris trichiura) ➖ schistosomiasis (Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum) 👉hemolytic anemia هي malaria 👉vitamin B12 megaloblastic anemia هي fish worm Diphyllobothrium latum.
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Textbook_of_Urinalysis_and_Body_Fluids-1.pdf
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📗Fundamentals of Urine and Body Fluid Analysis - Brunzel, Nancy A. •┈┈┈❈••✦✾✦••❈•┈┈┈• #منتدى_الطب_المخبري
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Urinalysis and Body Fluids.pdf
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Urinalysis and Body Fluids.pdf
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Seminal-fluid-analysis.ppt
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✅Stool osmotic gap 👈 قياس الفرق في أنواع المذاب بين المصل و البراز   is a measurement of the difference in solute types between serum and feces 👈تستخدم لتشخيص different causes of diarrhea 👈عادة ما يكون البراز في حالة توازن تناضحي مع مصل الدم ، والذي يحافظ عليه جسم الإنسان بين 290-300 ملي أسمول / كغ. Feces is normally in osmotic equilibrium with blood serum, which the human body maintains between 290–300 mOsm/kg 👈شنو قانون ؟؟ Stool osmotic gap is calculated as 290 mOsm/kg 2 × (stool Na + stool K)  👈النسبه الطبيعيه اله normal gap is between 50 and 100 mOsm/kg   👉High osmotic gap (>100 mOsm/kg) يكون السبب osmotic diarrhea حيث لا يستطيع الجهاز الهضمي امتصاص المواد المذابة من الكيموس يكون سببها celiac sprue, chronic pancreatitis, lactase deficiency, lactulose, osmotic laxative use/abuse and Whipple's disease. 👉Low osmotic gap (<50 mOsm/kg) يكون سببها secretory diarrhea حيث يكون الجهاز الهضمي مفرط النفاذية ويفقد الأملاح ويكون سببها toxin-mediated causes (cholera, enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli) and secretagogues such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (from a VIPoma, for example). Uncommon causes include gastrinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma (which produces excess calcitonin), factitious diarrhea from non-osmotic laxative abuse and  villous adenoma
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✅Alkaptonuria يتم ايض phenylalanine and tyrosine الى homogentisic acid (dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) بعدها يتاكسد الى maleylacetoacetic acid في حاله alkaptonuria راح يحدث نقص في انزيم homogentisic acid deficient وبالتالي يتم homogentisic acid is excreted in urine in large quantities يتحول لون الادرار الى اللون brown-black في حاله الوقوف مع alkaline pH Methods. تتضمن طريقه ferric chloride and silver nitrate tests. يظهر اللون dark blue color يضاف two drops of 10% ferric chloride solution are added to about 2 mL of urine containing homogentisic acid اما silver nitrate test اضافه 4 mL silver nitrate مع 500ml من الادرار ثم اضافه 10% NH4OH راح يسبب Homogentisic acid ظهور لون black color الطرق التاكيديه هي paper or thin-layer chromatography, capillary electrophoresis. 👇👇👇
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✅Phenylketonuria 👈عباره عن autosomal recessive inherited 👈يكون السبب هو absence of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase بسبب عدم تحويله الى tyrosine وهذا راح يودي الى تراكم في phenylalanine 👈اول عرض رئيسي هو Mental retardation 👉Plasma phenylalanine and phenylpyruvic acid levels are elevated 👉urinary phenylpyruvic acid (highest) 👉phenylacetic acid, and phenylalanine are increased 👈افراز 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid يبدا بالانخفاض مع serum 5-hydroxytryptamine 👈يكون عدهم urine and sweat ذات رائحه mousy/musty odor بسبب phenylacetic acid. ❤️Methods عدنه Phenistix reagent strips تحتوي على ferric ammonium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and cyclohexylsulfamic acid. بعدهي نغمر الشريط بالادرار وراء 30 seconds راح يعطي لون هذا اللون نقارنه ويه بقيت الالوان عدنه positive اذا كان لون الشريط هو gray to gray-green color
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✅Aminoacidurias الافراز يكون one or more amino acids في الادرار ويرجع ذلك بسبب block in a major metabolic pathway (overflow type) or a deficiency in renal tubular function (renal type) مثلا عدنه Phenylketonuria الي يحدث فيه overflow aminoaciduria وبالتالي راح تتراكم في metabolites in the pathway وبالتالي زياده سوائل الجسم increased body fluid levels وزياده increased substrate excretion in urine
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Hematuria
Hematuria
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مخطط يوضح حالات وجود البروتين في الدرار
مخطط يوضح حالات وجود البروتين في الدرار
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مخطط يوضح حالات وجود الدم في strip الدرار
مخطط يوضح حالات وجود الدم في strip الدرار
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DOC-20161201-WA0020.ppt
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✅fecal pH test نعرف احنه الحاله الطبيعيه للخروج pH هي متغيره لكن الاغلب نشوفه  alkaline 👈مرات يطلب الدكتور وخاصه دكتور الاطفال لان اذا كان fecal pH test = acidic stool هنا يفكر اكو مشكله ب digestive problem مثل  lactose intolerance او تكون   infection مثل  E. coli or rotavirus or overgrowth of acid-producing bacteria (such as lactic acid bacteria). او اتباع نظام غذائي عالي الكاربوهيدرات
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