Forensic Field

The key distinctions between an abrasion and a laceration are: Depth of Injury: Abrasion: Involves the superficial removal of the skin's outer layers (epidermis) due to friction or scraping. It does not penetrate deep into the skin. Laceration: A deeper injury that involves the tearing of skin and underlying tissues due to blunt force trauma. It can extend through the dermis and sometimes into the subcutaneous tissue or beyond. Wound Edges: Abrasion: Typically has more uniform or slightly irregular edges, as it results from the scraping of the skin. Laceration: Characterized by irregular, jagged wound edges due to the tearing nature of the injury. Tissue Bridging: Abrasion: Does not have tissue bridging, as the injury is superficial. Laceration: Often shows tissue bridging, where strands of tissue remain intact across the wound, indicating a tear rather than a clean cut. Cause: Abrasion: Caused by frictional force, such as scraping against a rough surface. Laceration: Caused by blunt force trauma, which tears the skin and underlying tissues.

What is the difference between a contusion vs abrasion? Contusion: A contusion, also known as a bruise, is an injury to the blood vessels and tissues beneath the skin that results in discoloration and swelling without breaking the skin. Contusions are usually caused by a blow or impact to the skin and are commonly seen in sports injuries or falls. Abrasion: An abrasion, on the other hand, is a type of injury that occurs when the skin is scraped or rubbed against a rough surface, causing the outer layer of the skin to be removed or damaged. Treatment: The treatment for these two types of injuries can also vary. Contusions are typically treated with over-the-counter pain relievers and cold compresses to reduce swelling and pain. Abrasions may require cleaning and covering the wound to prevent infection and promote healing.

Spamming Sending of unsolicited and commercial bulk message over the internet is known as spamming. An email can be classified as spam, if it meets following criteria: Mass mailing:- the email is not targeted to one particular person but to a large number of peoples. Anonymity:- The real identify of the person not known Unsolicited:- the email is neither expected nor requested for the recipient.

Important Notes: For age estimation from teeth, it is necessary to know (1) the difference between the two sets of teeth (2) the time of their eruption, and (3) the period when their root calcification is complete and this can be ascertained on x-ray examination. The two sets of teeth are (1) temporary, deciduous or milk teeth and, (2) permanent teeth.

Micellar extraction is a special type of extraction procedure that appears to be unique in the separation of drugs, plant poisons and pesticides in biological matrices (viscera). In the extraction of active constituents as above, micellar environment of surfactant of different classes is employed.

NET/JRF Exam Date: 30/8/2024

Glass Refractive Index Determination Terminology Annealing is the process of reducing residual strain in glass by controlled heating and cooling. Becke line is the bright halo near the edge of a transparent particle immersed in a medium. The halo moves with respect to that edge as the focal plane of the microscope is changed. Becke line method is a method for determining the refractive index of a transparent particle relative to its surrounding medium by noting the direction that the Becke line moves when the distance between the objective of the microscope and the preparation is changed. The Becke line will always move toward the higher refractive index medium when the distance is increased and will move toward the lower refractive index medium when the distance is decreased from the point of critical focus. Dispersion is the change in refractive index with a change in wavelength of illumination. Commonly referred to as V, relative dispersion is a measurement of the difference between the refractive index at different wavelengths of light, typically nC (486nm), nD (589nm), and nF (656nm), mathematically expressed as V=(nD-1)/(nF-nC). Hartmann net is a graphical representation containing a series of parallel lines representing the refractive index versus wavelength relationships at fixed temperatures for an immersion liquid, where the refractive index scale is linear, and the wavelength scale is approximately logarithmic. Match point is any combination of temperature and wavelength, at which two media have indistinguishable refractive indices. At the match point, the glass will exhibit minimum contrast and visibility. Phase-contrast microscope is an interference microscope in which contrast is enhanced by altering the optical path of the diffracted ray with respect to the direct ray. This is accomplished by the action of a phase-shifting element, which results in retarding one of the rays relative to the other. Polarized light microscope is a microscope equipped with two polarizing elements, one (polarizer) located between the light source and the sample and the other (analyzer) between the sample and the observer. Refractive index (RI) for a particular transparent medium is the ratio of the speed of light in one media compared to another, mathematically expressed as ni = v1 / v2, where refractive index = ni at a specific wavelength i, and the speed of light in each media are v1 and v2 . For glass analysis, v1 is the speed of light in a vacuum. Temperature coefficient of refractive index variation (dn/dT) is the change in the refractive index relative to a change in temperature. Thermal history is the last set of conditions under which a glass has been cooled from its softened state. Refractive index and density are a function of thermal history.

Fluorescence HPLC Detectors They are most specific, sensitive and selective, and offers greater sensitivity than the UV-VIS detector. Naturally fluorescent compounds are less as compared to the light absorbing compounds, a limitation solved by post-column derivatization.