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🐢 Olive Ridley Turtles : • The Olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) are the smallest and most abundant of all sea turtles found in the world, inhabiting warm waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans. • Olive Ridley turtle is listed as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List. • All five species of sea turtles found in India are included in Appendix 1 in CITES, and Schedule 1 in Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. • Studies have found three main factors that damage Olive Ridley turtles and their eggs. They are : 1) Heavy predation of eggs by dogs and wild animals, 2) Indiscriminate fishing with trawlers and Gill nets, 3) Beach soil erosion. • Olive Ridley turtles are best known for their unique mass nesting called Arribada, where thousands of females come together on the same beach to lay eggs. • The 480 km long Odisha coast has 3 arribada beaches at Gahirmatha, the mouth of Devi river, and in Rushikulya, where about 1 lakh nests are found annually. • Most recently, a new mass nesting site has been discovered on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, with more than 5,000 nests reported in a season. • The Indian Coast Guard's "Operation Olivia", initiated in the early 1980s, helps protect Olive Riddley turtles as they congregate along the Odisha coast for breeding and nesting from November to December.

📰 News : Tree of coffee family discovered in Andaman and Nicobar. • The new species, Pyrostria laljii is the first record of genus Pyrostria in India. • Plants belonging to genus Pyrostria are usually found in Madagascar. • The tree is distinguished by a long stem with whitish coating on the trunk and oblong-obovate leaves with a cuneate base and was first reported from the Wandoor forest in South Andaman. • The other places in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands where the tree could be located are the Tirur forest near the Jarawa Reserve Forest and the Chidia Tapu (Munda Pahar) forest. • Pyrostria laljii has been assessed as "Critically Endangered" based on the IUCN Red List criteria. • The team of researchers have also discovered a news species of pokeweed named Rivina andamanensis. • They said it is found growing under large trees, shaded and rocky areas, along with herbs and shrubby plants. • It is the first record of the pokeweed family Petiveriaceae in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

□ Sources of Indian constitution : • Government of India Act, 1935 - Federal scheme, Office of governor, Judiciary, Public Service Commissions, Emergency provisions, Administrative details. • Australian Constitution - Concurrent list, Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse, Joint-sitting of the two Houses of Parliament. • Canadian Constitution - Federation with a strong Centre, Vesting of residuary powers in the Centre, Appointment of state governors by the Centre, Advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. • Irish Constitution - Directive Principles of State Policy, Nomination of members to Rajya Sabha, Method of election of the president. • Japan Constitution - Procedure Established by law. • Soviet Union Constitution (USSR, now Russia) - Fundamental duties, Ideals of justice (social, economic and political) in the Preamble. • UK Constitution - Parliamentary government, Rule of Law, Legislative procedure, Single Citizenship, Cabinet system, Prerogative writs, Parliamentary privileges, Bicameralism. • US Constitution - Fundamental rights, Independence of judiciary, Judicial review, Impeachment of the president, Removal of Supreme Court and High Court judges, Post of vice-president. • Weimar Constitution of Germany - Suspension of Fundamental Rights during Emergency. • South African Constitution - Procedure for amendment in the Indian Constitution, Election of members of Rajya Sabha. • French Constitution - Republic, Ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity in the Preamble.

Khadi Prakritik Paint : • It is developed by Khadi and Village Industries Commission. • The eco-friendly, non-toxic paint, called “Khadi Prakritik Paint” is a first-of-its-kind product, with anti-fungal, anti-bacterial properties. • Khadi Prakritik Paint is available in two forms : Distemper paint and Plastic emulsion paint. • The paint is priced at only Rs. 120 per litre for the distemper, and Rs.225 per litre for the emulsion, almost half the price charged by big paint companies. • The paint has successfully passed various test parameters such as application of paint, thinning properties, drying time and finish, among others. • The paint can be applied on interior as well as exterior walls. • It dries in less than 4 hours and has a smooth and uniform finish. ■ Why it's special? • Based on cow dung as its main ingredient, the paint is cost-effective and odourless and has been certified by the Bureau of Indian Standards. • The paint is free from heavy metals like lead, mercury, chromium, arsenic, cadmium and others. • It's an innovative, eco-friendly & cost effective product inspired from the age old Indian tradition of coating the walls and floor of the houses with cow dung. ■ Benefits : • It will be a boost to local manufacturing and will create sustainable local employment through technology transfer. • This technology will increase the consumption of cow dung as a raw material for eco-friendly products and will generate additional revenue to farmers and gaushalas. • Utilization of cow dung will also clean the environment and prevent clogging of drains.

Geographical Indication Tag (GI Tag) : • A GI or Geographical Indication is a name or a sign given to certain products that relate to a specific geographical location or origins like a region, town or country. • Using Geographical Indications may be regarded as a certification that the particular product is produced as per traditional methods, has certain specific qualities, or has a particular reputation because of its geographical origin. • GI Tag ensures that none other than those registered as authorized users are allowed to use the popular product name. • Geographical indications are understood by consumers to denote the origin and quality of products. • It came into force with effect from 15th September 2003. • Darjeeling Tea was the first Indian product to get a GI tag. • Karnataka has the highest number of GI tags. • The GI tags allotted to the handicraft, agricultural, food or manufactured products. • GI tag in India is governed by Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration & Protection) Act, 1999. It is issued by the Geographical Indications Registry (Chennai). • A GI Tag is valid for a decade(10 years), after which it can be renewed for another 10 years. ● Benefits of GI Tag : • It provides legal protection to Indian Geographical Indications thus preventing unauthorized use of the registered GIs by others. • It promotes economic prosperity of producers of goods produced in a geographical territory. • The GI protection in India leads to recognition of the product in other countries thus boosting exports.

Fundamental duties : • The idea of Fundamental Duties is inspired from the Constitution of Russia. • These were incorporated in Part IV-A of the Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976 on the recommendations of Swaran Singh Committee. • Originally, 10 in number, one more duty was added through the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002. All the eleven duties are listed in Article 51-A of the Constitution. • The fundamental duties serve as a reminder to citizens that while enjoying their rights, they have also to be quite conscious of duties they owe to their country, their society and to their fellow-citizens. • The Fundamental duties are non-justiciable in nature. ● List of Fundamental duties : 1) To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem. 2) To cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom. 3) To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India. 4) To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so. 5) To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women. 6) To value and preserve the rich heritage of the country’s composite culture. 7) To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures. 8) To develop scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform. 9) To safeguard public property and to abjure violence. 10) To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement. 11) To provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the age of six and fourteen years (added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002).

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📰 News : Odisha's tribals flee village fearing jab. • Dongria Khond, Chuktia Bhunjia - PVTGs(Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups) in Odisha. • 75 tribal groups are listed as PVTGs. • Odisha has the highest number of PVTGs - 13.

Classical languages of India : • A classical language is a language with an independent literary tradition and a large and ancient body of written literature. • In 2004, the Government of India declared Tamil as the Classical Language of India. • The Ministry of Culture, Government of India has declared 6 languages as classical languages. They are Tamil (2004), Sanskrit (2005), Kannada and Telugu (2008), Malayalam (2013), Odia (2014). • Once a language is notified as a Classical language, the Human Resource and Development Ministry provides certain benefits to promote it. • The Ministry of Culture provides the guidelines regarding Classical languages. ● Guidelines for declaring a language as ‘Classical’ are : • High antiquity of its early texts/recorded history over a period of 1500-2000 years. • A body of ancient literature/texts, which is considered a valuable heritage by generations of speakers. • The literary tradition be original and not borrowed from another speech community. • The classical language and literature being distinct from modern, there may also be a discontinuity between the classical language and its later forms or its offshoots. ● Benefits for a classical language : • Two major international awards for scholars of eminence in Classical Indian Languages are awarded annually. • A Centre of Excellence for Studies in Classical Languages is set up. •The University Grants Commission be requested to create, to start with at least in the Central Universities, a certain number of Professional Chairs for Classical Languages for scholars of eminence in Classical Indian Languages.

Languages of India : • Part XVII of the Constitution deals with the official language in Articles 343 to 351. • As per the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, we had 14 languages at the commencement of the Constitution. Currently, we have 22 languages. • The 22 languages are : Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dongri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. • Sindhi (added by the 21st Amendment Act, 1967), Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali (added by 71st Amendment Act, 1992), Bodo, Dongri, Maithili, and Santhali (added by the 92nd Amendment Act, 2003). • Oriya was renamed as Odia by the 96th Amendment Act, 2011. • India doesn't have any national language. • Article 343(1) states that the official language of the Union of India shall be Hindi written in Devanagari script. • English language shall continue to be used for all the official purposes of the Union of India. • The Constitution provides that all proceedings in the Supreme Court of India shall be in English. • The legislature of a state may adopt any one or more of the languages in use in the state. • The President appointed an Official Language Commission under the chairmanship of B.G.Kher in 1955. • The Government of India has declared 6 languages as classical languages under the Ministry of Culture. They are Tamil (2004), Sanskrit (2005), Kannada and Telugu (2008), Malayalam (2013), Odia (2014). ● Important Articles regarding language : • Article 343 - Official language of the Union. • Article 345 - Official language/languages of a state. • Article 346 - Official language for communication between one state and another or between a state and the Union. • Article 348 - Language to be used in the Supreme Court & in the High Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc.

Degradation of Aravalis The Supreme Court has ordered the Haryana government to take "all essential measures" to remove encroachments, including some residential constructions, in the ecologically fragile Aravali forest land near a village. Aravali Range The Aravali is a mountain range in Northwestern India, running approximately 670 km in a southwest direction, starting near Delhi, passing through southern Haryana and Rajasthan, and ending in Gujarat. The highest peak is Guru Shikhar at 1,722 meters. The Aravalli Range, an eroded stub of ancient mountains, is the oldest range of fold mountains in India. The natural history of the Aravalli Range dates back to times when the Indian Plate was separated from the Eurasian Plate by an ocean. Three major rivers and their tributaries flow from the Aravalli, namely Banas and Sahibi rivers which are tributaries of Yamuna, as well as Luni River which flows into the Rann of Kutch. The Sariska-Delhi leopard wildlife corridor is a 200 km long important biodiversity and wildlife corridor which runs from the Sariska Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan to Delhi Ridge. Threats to its existence Ecological degradation in the Aravalli region is in an alarming situation. This is due to the increasing population of humans and cattle, injudicious use of natural resources, unscientific mining, uncontrolled grazing, and felling of trees. Answer this PYQ in the comment box: Q.With reference to the river Luni, which one of the following statements is correct? (a) It fl ows into Gulf of Khambhat (b) It fl ows into Gulf of Kuchchh (c) It fl ows into Pakistan and merges with a tributary of Indus (d) It is lost in the marshy land of the Rann of Kuchchh 🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁 Join >> @dailynewscom Join >> @NitishPatelOfficial

Operation Pangea XIV More than 1.10 lakh web links, including websites and online marketplaces, have been taken down in the operation Pangea XIV. Operation Pangea XIV Code-named "Operation Pangea XIV", the exercise was coordinated by Interpol. It involved the police, customs, and health regulatory authorities of 92 countries against the sale of fake and illicit medicines and medical products. Indian agencies also participated in the operation, said an official of the Central Bureau of Investigation that is the nodal body for the Interpol in the country. It showed that criminals were continuing to cash in on the huge demand for personal protection and hygiene products due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁 Join >> @dailynewscom Join >> @NitishPatelOfficial

Adoption of COVID-19-orphaned children The Supreme Court has directed the States and Union Territories (UTs) to take stringent action against private individuals and NGOs who invite people to illegally adopt children orphaned by the COVID-19 pandemic. Also read Legal issues involved in adoption pleas for Covid-19 orphans SC ruling against illegal adoption The court ordered the government to step in and prevent private entities from revealing the identities of COVID-19 affected children, usually on social media and inviting people to adopt them. No adoption of affected children should be permitted contrary to the provisions of the Juvenile Justice Act, 2015 the court-ordered. It was illegal to invite strangers to adopt children, already traumatized by their personal losses, without the involvement of the Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA). About CARA Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) is an autonomous and statutory body of the Ministry of Women and Child Development. It was set up in 1990. It functions as the nodal body for the adoption of Indian children and is mandated to monitor and regulate in-country and inter-country adoptions. CARA is designated as the Central Authority to deal with inter-country adoptions in accordance with the provisions of the 1993 Hague Convention on Inter-country Adoption, ratified India in 2003. It primarily deals with the adoption of orphaned, abandoned and surrendered children through its associated and recognized adoption agencies. In 2018, CARA has allowed individuals in a live-in relationship to adopt children from and within India. 🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁 Join >> @NitishPatelOfficial Join >> @dailynewscom