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Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
In an indirect reference to the Chinese infrastructure projects in PoK, our PM has urged members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) to respect "territorial integrity" and "sovereignty".
What is SCO?
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the then security and economic architecture in the Eurasian region dissolved and new structures had to come up.
The original Shanghai Five were China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan.
The SCO was formed in 2001, with Uzbekistan included. It expanded in 2017 to include India and Pakistan.
Since its formation, the SCO has focused on regional non-traditional security, with counter-terrorism as a priority.
The fight against the "three evils" of terrorism, separatism and extremism has become its mantra. Today, areas of cooperation include themes such as economics and culture.
India's entry to the SCO
India and Pakistan both were observer countries.
While Central Asian countries and China were not in favour of expansion initially, the main supporter of India's entry in particular was Russia.
A widely held view is that Russia's growing unease about an increasingly powerful China prompted it to push for its expansion.
From 2009 onwards, Russia officially supported India's ambition to join the SCO. China then asked for its all-weather friend Pakistan's entry.
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WHAT IS OPEC+?
Oil prices jumped by close to 10% for its biggest daily gain in almost six months after news of a highly effective vaccine against COVID-19 and Saudi Arabia's assurance that an OPEC+ oil output deal could be adjusted to balance the market.
What is OPEC+?
The non-OPEC countries which export crude oil along with the 14 OPECs are termed as OPEC plus countries.
OPEC plus countries include Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brunei, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, Oman, Russia, South Sudan and Sudan.
Saudi and Russia, both have been at the heart of a three-year alliance of oil producers known as OPEC Plus which now includes 11 OPEC members and 10 non-OPEC nations that aims to shore up oil prices with production cuts.
Also read:
About OPEC
OPEC stands for Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.
It is a permanent, intergovernmental organization, created at the Baghdad Conference in 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela.
It aims to manage the supply of oil in an effort to set the price of oil in the world market, in order to avoid fluctuations that might affect the economies of both producing and purchasing countries.
It is headquartered in Vienna, Austria.
OPEC membership is open to any country that is a substantial exporter of oil and which shares the ideals of the organization.
Today OPEC is a cartel that includes 14 nations, predominantly from the middle east whose sole responsibility is to control prices and moderate supply.
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#SSB_LECTURETTE
LATEST LECTURETTE TOPICS IN SSB_INTERVIEW
01. E-Commerce(11 SSB Allahabad)
02. Higher Education in India(33 SSB Bhopal)
03. Social Effects in Pornography(33 SSB Bhopal)
04. Gay Rights(34 SSB Allahabad)
05. Instant Cricket(34 SSB Allahabad)
06. Global Warming:Fact or Fiction(24 SSB Bangalore)
07. Favorite Pass time(24 SSB Bangalore)
08. Peace measures in J&K(24 SSB Bangalore)
09. Right to Information Act and its fall out (22 SSB Bhopal)
10. Privatization of Universities (24 SSB Bangalore)
11. Inflation (21 SSB Bhopal)
12. Same sex marriage(17 SSB Bangalore)
13. Valentine day(17 SSB)
14. MANREGA (17 SSB)
15. Pulse polio(17 SSB)
16. Rajwardhan Rathore(17 SSB)
17. European Union (4AFSB)
18. Ecological System (12SSB Bangalore)
19. India Global Research and development Destination (12SSB)
20. Nano Technology (12SSB)
21. Media and its effects (12SSB)
22. Nano technology (18 SSB Allahabad)
23. National Highway Authority of India (18SB Allahabad)
24. Mobile Phones (18SB Allahabad)
25. Energy Crisis (18SB Allahabad)
26. MNC’s (18SB Allahabad)
27. Center – State Relations (18SB Allahabad)
28. NSG (18SB Allahabad)
29. Generation Gap (18SB Allahabad)
30. Water bodies (22 SSB)
31. India’s foreign trade (22 SSB)
32. Indo Pak relations- the future (22 SSB)
33. Disaster management in india (22 SSB)
34. Water resources (22 SSB)
35. Girl Child (22 SSB)
36. Health (22 SSB)
37. Aviation industry in India (22 SSB)
38. If there were no super powers in this world(4 AFSB Varanasi)
39. Use of technology in agriculture(4 AFSB Varanasi)
40. United we stand,divided we fall(4 AFSB Varanasi)
41. Can India become self sufficient in energy resources(4 AFSB Varanasi)
42. Cyber crime(4 AFSB Varanasi)
43. Sports in India(4 AFSB Varanasi
44. Role of opposition in Indian politics(4 AFSB Varanasi)
45. BPO vs KPO (NSB,Coimbatore)
46. Why youth hesitate to Join defence forces (NSB,Coimbatore)
47. Indian reservation Policy (18 SSB Allahabad)
48. Sanjay Dutt (18SSB)
49. IT Industry (18SSB)
50. Your favorite Day (18SSB)
51. Role of Discipline in Life (19 SSB Allahabad)
52. Peaceful use of Nuclear Energy (19 SSB Allahabad)
53. Globalization (19 SSB Allahabad)
54. India’s Agricultural problem (19 SSB Allahabad)
55. Role of Youth in Society (19 SSB Allahabad)
56. Entry of foreign Universities in India (19 SSB Allahabad)
57. Infrastructure of India.(21 SSB, BHOPAL)
58. Rain water harvesting.(21 SSB, BHOPAL)
59. Favorite Cricketer.(21 SSB, BHOPAL)
60. Ambition in life.(21 SSB, BHOPAL)
61. Adult Education(21 SSB, BHOPAL)
62. Indo US relations(21 SSB, BHOPAL)
63. Beauty pageants (2 AFSB Mysore)
64. Cable TV(21 SSB, BHOPAL)
65. Net Education(21 SSB, BHOPAL)
66. Internet(21 SSB, BHOPAL)
67. Terrorism in North Eastern India(21 SSB, BHOPAL)
68. Doping in Sports (2 AFSB Mysore)
69. Division Of States in India (2 AFSB Mysore)
70. Role of NGO (4 AFSB Varanasi)
71. E-Market(4 AFSB Varanasi)
72. My Hobby(4 AFSB Varanasi)
73. Role of media(4 AFSB Varanasi)
74. Global Warning(1 AFSB DEHRADUN)
75. Human Cloning(1 AFSB)
76. India as Superpower(1 AFSB)
77. Discoveries that changed the World(1 AFSB)
78. STRAY CATTLE MENACE (22 SSB BHOPAL)
79. GREEN HOUSE EFFECT (22 SSB BHOPAL)
80. CO-ED-EDUCATION (22 SSB)
81. AIDS (22 SSB BHOPAL)
82. NCTC(34SSB)
83. Information Technology(34SSB)
84. Medha patkar(34SSB)
85. Is India a soft country?(34SSB)
86.India’s Nuclear policy (21SSB)
87. National anthem(17SSB)
88. G 20(17SSB)
89. Volcano(17SSB)
90. Sachin tendulkar(17SSB)
91. Secularism (17SSB)
92. Joint Family Vs Nuclear Family (22SSB Bhopal)
93. Naxalism (19SSB Ald)
94. Child Labour (19SSB Ald)
95. Wildlife protection (22SSB Bhopal)
96. Global warming (22SSB)
97. Water Crisis (22SSB)
98. BPO in India (22SSB)
99. Reverse Brain drain (22SSB)
100. Naxalism (22SSB)
101. Professional education in India (22SSB)
102. National integration ( 11 SSB)
103. India’s architecture ( 11 SSB)
104. Dog Man’s best friend ( 11 SSB)
105. Ragging ( 11 SSB)
106. IT ( 11 SSB)
107. Students union ( 11 SSB)
108. Alternate source of energy
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NAGORNO-KARABAKH PEACE DEAL
• Russia brokered a new peace deal between Armenia and Azerbaijan, the two countries that have been in a military conflict for over six weeks over the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh in the South Caucasus.
• As per the new peace deal, both sides will now maintain positions in the areas that they currently hold, which will mean a significant gain for Azerbaijan as it has reclaimed over 15-20 per cent of its lost territory during the recent conflict, the AFP reported.
• Further, under this agreement, all military operations are suspended, Russian peacekeepers will be deployed along the line of contact in Nagorno-Karabakh and along the Lachin corridor that connects the region to Armenia.
• Straddling western Asia and Eastern Europe, Nagorno-Karabakh is internationally recognised as part of Azerbaijan, but most of the region is controlled by Armenian separatists.
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Armenia, Azerbaijan agree on peace deal
Armenia and Azerbaijan agreed on a deal with Russia to end fierce clashes over Nagorno-Karabakh after a string of Azerbaijani victories in its fight to retake the disputed region.
Ending up the bloodshed
During the course of the conflict, over 1200 have lost their lives as per the Nagorno-Karabakh authorities, while thousands have been displaced.
Since the conflict started in September, multiple ceasefire agreements have been signed between the two sides, but none so far have been successful.
The deal is meant to end the conflict between the two nations.
Russia's role in the conflict has been somewhat opaque since it supplies arms to both countries and is in a military alliance with Armenia called the Collective Security Treaty Organisation.
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How a Biden’s Presidency may affect India?
Donald Trump's rise to the White House as well as his exit has led to a wide reactionary response in India.
Also read:
[Burning Issue] India US relations in the backdrop of recent hiccups
(1) Economic Impact
Trade
There are several ways in which the US economy, its health and the policy choices of its government affect India.
For one, the US is one of those rare big countries with which India enjoys a trade surplus. In other words, we export more goods to the US than what we import from it.
The trade surplus has widened from $5.2 billion in 2001-02 to $17.3 billion in 2019-20.
Under a Biden administration, India's trade with the US could recover from the dip since 2017-18.
FDI and FPI
The US is the fifth-biggest source for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) into India. Of the total $476 billion FDI that has come in since April 2000, the US accounted for $30.4 billion roughly 6.5 per cent directly.
Only Mauritius, Singapore, Netherlands, and Japan have invested more FDI since 2000.
Apart from FDI the US also accounts for one-third of all Foreign Portfolio Investments (that is, investment in financial assets) into India.
Ending protectionism
A Biden presidency may also see a renewed push towards a rules-based trading system across the world.
Instead of outright ad-hocism as was the case under Trump as well as a move away from the protectionist approach that has been getting strong across the world.
(2) Visa
For instance, how a US President looks at the H1-B visa issue, affects the prospects of Indian youth far more than the youth of any other country.
Under Trump, who severely curtailed the visa regime, thanks to his policy of "America First", India had suffered the most.
That could change under Biden, who is unlikely to view immigrants and workers from India with Trump-like suspicion.
(3) Technology
Other points of contention between India and the US are the tricky issue of data localisation or capping prices of medicines and medical devices.
These have a better chance of getting towards a resolution as we move away from the radical approach of President Trump to the pragmatism of a Biden presidency.
(4) Diplomacy
Further, under the Trump administration, the US sanctions on Iran severely limited India's sourcing of cheap crude oil.
For an economy such as India, which needs a regular supply of cheap oil to grow fast, a normalization of US-Iran relationship (and lifting of sanctions) would be more than useful.
On China, too, while the US apprehensions are unlikely to be fewer. It is more likely that a Biden administration will help India against China, instead of clubbing the two together.
(5) Climate Action
Biden has promised to rejoin the Paris Climate Accord, and this may help countries such as India in dealing with the massive challenges both technical and financial on this front.
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AIM–Sirius Innovation Programme 3.0 launched
Part of: GS Prelims and GS-III – International Relations & GS-III – Innovation
In news
Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) and Sirius, Russia launched ‘AIM–Sirius Innovation Programme 3.0’.
It is a 14-day virtual programme for Indian and Russian schoolchildren.
Key takeaways
The first Indo-Russian bilateral youth innovation initiative, the AIM–Sirius programme seeks to develop technological solutions (both web- and mobile-based) for the two countries.
Over a two-week programme, 48 students and 16 educators and mentors will create 8 virtual products and mobile applications addressing global challenges in the wake of the covid-19 pandemic.
Innovations developed by the student teams will leverage 21st-century technologies such as app development, artificial intelligence, blockchain, machine learning etc.
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Various development projects to be inaugurated in Varanasi
Part of: GS Prelims and GS-I – Ancient history & GS-II – Policies and interventions;
In news
Indian Prime Minister will inaugurate various development projects in Varanasi including Sarnath Light and Sound show.
Important value additions
Sarnath
Sarnath is a place located 10 km north-east of Varanasi city near the confluence of the Ganges and the Varuna rivers in Uttar Pradesh, India.
The Deer Park in Sarnath: Gautama Buddha first taught the Dharma and Buddhist Sangha came into existence through the enlightenment of Kondanna.
It is also referred to as Isipatana.
This city is mentioned by the Buddha as one of the four places of pilgrimage which his devout followers should visit.
It was also the site of the Buddha’s Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta, which was his first teaching after attaining enlightenment.
Under this Sutta, he taught the four noble truths and the teachings associated with it.
Do you know?
Singhpur, a village approximately 1km away from the site, was the birthplace of Shreyansanath, the Eleventh Tirthankara of Jainism.
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Bihar has got its first Ramsar site.
• Kabartal in Begusarai, becomes wetland of International importance.
• It is an important wetland of the Central Asian Flyway for the population of migratory birds & biodiversity.
• With this note India has 39 Ramsar sites.
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Remembering Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya on his death anniversary
• Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya was born on December 25, 1861, in Allahabad (now Prayagraj) in Uttar Pradesh.
• He played a key role in the Indian independence struggle against British rule and founded the Banaras Hindu University (BHU) in 1916.
• He passed away on November 12, 1946. In 2014, Pandit Malviya was posthumously conferred with Bharat Ratna, the country's highest civilian award.
Some facts:
• Madan Mohan Malviya popularized the term ‘Satyamev Jayate’. Though he did not coin it, and the phrase originally belongs to the Mundaka Upanishad. The term now is the national motto of India.
• He is the founder of one of Asia’s biggest residential Universities: the Banaras Hindu University.
• He served as the president of Congress committee for as much as 4 times.
• He started his career as a teacher in Allahabad District school. He also served as the chairman of the board of Hindustan times and facilitated the launch of its Hindi edition.
• He was an avid writer and journalist, he launched multiple Hindi and English language magazines and newspapers.
• He was given the title of ‘Mahamana’ by Mahatma Gandhi and the second President of India, Radhakrishnan gave him the status of a ‘Karmayogi’.
• Devnagri was introduced in the British-Indian courts because of Malviya’s efforts with the British government. This is still considered as one of his greatest achievements.
• Madan Mohan Malviya was expelled from the Brahmin community for expressing his views on caste discrimination and Brahmanical patriarchy.
• He was a Hindu nationalist who worked immensely for Hindu-Muslim unity.
• Madan Mohan Malviya worked as a lawyer at Allahabad high court and is known to have saved 153 accused from the infamous case of Chauri Chaura riots in Gorakhpur. Mahatma Gandhi had to suspend his civil disobedience over the riots.
• He conceived the idea of Boy Scouts in India and became one of the founders of scouting in India. He founded the ‘Seva Samiti Scout Association’ in 1917 in Allahabad.
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