Gnm and bsc nursing book and notes📕📒📖

⟨⟨HORMONES & THEIR FUNCTIONS ⟩⟩ 1. Growth hormone (GH) Or somatotropic hormone (STH) Function ~ stimulates growth by stimulating protein synthesis. 2. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Function ~ stimulates thyroid secretion. 3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Function ~ stimulates the production of of steroids by adrenal cortex. 4. Gonadotropic hormones (i) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Function ~ stimulates gamate, production, secration of sex hormones, development of follicles. (ii) interstitial cell stimulating hormone ( ICSH) or luteinising hormone (LH) Function ~ stimulates the leydig cells of testis and induces secretion of testosterone. stimulates development of Corpus luteum and ovulation in female. 5. Luteotropic hormone ( LTH) or prolactin Function ~ stimulates the growth of mammary glands, lactation and maintenance of Corpus luteum. 6. Melanocyte stimulating hormone Function ~ controls dispersal of melanophores , in man it is doubtful. 7. Oxytocin Function ~ stimulates secretion of milk from mammary glands ; causes contraction of uterus at the time of child birth. 8. Antidiuretic hormone or ADH (vasopressin) Function ~ stimulates the nephrons for reabsorption of water. Stimulates contraction of smooth muscles , blood vessels and causes rise in blood pressure. 9. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) Function ~ control metabolism , regulate body temperature by calorigenic action. 10. Thyrocalcitonin (TCT) Function ~ controls calcium (Ca++) level in blood , Check osteoporosis . 11. Parathormone Function ~ maintains proper level of calcium and phosphorus by regulating renal action , thus , controlling calcium and phosphate amount in bones. 12. Insulin (from β cells) Function ~ stimulates metabolism of carbohydrates. Influences the storage and utilization of sugar , inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis stimulates glycogenesis. 13. Glucagon (from α cell) Function ~ influences the enzymatic action of phosphorylase , controlling glycogenolysis in tha liver and muscles ; increases the amount of sugar in blood. Antagonistic to insulin , inhibits glycogenesis. 14. Somatostatin(ss) Function ~ suppresses the release of hormones from the pancrease and digestive track. 15. Pancreatic polypeptide Function ~ inhibits the release of digestive secretion of the pancrease. 16. Adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (Norepinephrine) Function ~ Regulates heart beat , blood pressure , sympathetic nervous system , contraction of involuntary muscles of lung , eyes , gut etc. , Production of blood , flow of saliva and sweat under emotional state. 17. Adrenocorticoids Function ~ regulate water and electrolyte balance, regulate fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism; stimulate development of male and female secondary sexual characters. 18. Testosterone (leydig's cells) Function ~ affects the normal development and functions of secondary sexual organs and characters in male. ~ stimulate formation of sperms. 19. Estrogen (graafian follicles ) Function ~ Affects development and maintenance of secondary sexual characters in female. ~ stimulate maturation of ova. 20. Progesterone ( ovary and Corpus luteum ) Function ~ stimulates uterus for pregnancy, implantation and formation of placenta, also stimulates mammary glands. 21. Relaxin ( Corpus luteum ) Function ~ relaxes ligaments of pelvic girdle at the time of birth. 22. Human chorionic gonadotropin or HCG (placenta) Function ~ pravints disintegration of the Corpus luteum and maintains progesterone production. 23. Serotonin Function ~ Helps in vasoconstriction of blood vessels. 24. Melatonin Function ~ Reduces quantity of FSH and LH, Acts as anti gonadotropic hormone. 25. Thymosin Function ~ regulates growth, stimulates proliferation of lymphocytes and also hastens sexual maturity.

Important Cells in NCERT 🌟1. Heterocysts : Specialised cells found in Nostoc & Anabaena which help in fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. 🌟 2. Smallest living cell is Mycoplasma 🌟3. Choanocytes or collar cells - Found in sponges that line the spongocoel & canals. 🌟 4. Cnidoblasts/cnidocytes - Found in coelentrata/cnidaria which contain the stinging capsules or nematocytes. 🌟 5. Flame cells- Found in flat worms and help in osmoregulation & excretion. 🌟 6. Statocysts- These are balancing organs found in arthropods. 🌟 7. Root hair- Found in zone of maturation and help in water & mineral absorption. 🌟 8. Guard cell- Encloses stomatal aperture or pore. Bean-shaped but in grasses dumb-bell shaped. 🌟 9. Subsidiary cells- A few epidermal cells, in the vicinity of the guard cells become specialised in their shape & size & called subsidiary cells 🌟10. Bundle-sheath cells- The vascular bundles are surronded by a layer of thick walled bundle-sheath cells. ☘☘MUST SHARE WITH FRIENDS ☘☘

✅Menstrual Cycle (1) Menstruation occurs in human, apes and old world monkeys. (2) Menstruation is bleeding from the uterus of adult females at intervals of one lunar month. (3) Beginning of menstruation or first menstruation is called menarche. (4) The beginning of menstruation varies. It usually occurs between 12 and 15 years. (5) The cycle of events starting from one menstruation till the next one is called Menstrual Cycle. (6) In human females, menstruation is repeated at an average interval of about 28/29 days. (7) One ovum is released (ovulation) during the middle of each menstrual cycle. (8) It is regulated by certain hormones, some of which are secreted by the pituitary gland. (9) The pituitary gland is stimulated by releasing factors produced in the hypothalamus. (10) The hormones produced by the pituitary gland influence the ovaries. The hormones secreted by the ovaries affect the walls of the uterus. Phases of Menstrual Cycle The menstrual cycle consists of following four phases: (1) Menstrual Phase: (i) In a 28 days menstrual cycle,the menses takes place on cycle days 3-5. (ii) The production of LH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is reduced. (iii) The withdrawal of this hormone causes degeneration of the corpus luteum and, therefore progestrone production is reduced. (iv) Production of oestrogen is also reduced in this phase. (v) The endometrium of uterus breaks down & menstruation begins. (vi) The cells of endometrium secretions, blood & unfertilised ovum constitutes the menstrual flow. (2) Follicular Phase: (i) This phase usually includes cycle days 6-13 or 14 in a 28 days cycle. (ii) The follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland stimulates the ovarian follicle to secrete oestrogens. (iii) Oestrogen stimulates the proliferation of the endometrium of the uterine wall. (iv) The endometrium becomes thicker by rapid cell multiplication and this is accompanied by an increase in uterine glands & blood vessels. 🔷 Various Events during a Menstrual Cycle (3) Ovulatory Phase: (i) Both LH & FSH attain a peak level in the middle of cycle (about 14th day). (ii) Oestrogen concentration in blood increases. (iii) Rapid secretion of LH induces rupturing of graffian follicle and thereby the release of ovum. (iv) In fact LH causes ovulation. (4) Luteal Phase: (i) Includes cycle days 15 to 28. (ii) Corpus luteum secretes progestrone. (iii) Endometrium thickens. (iv) Uterine glands become secretory. ☑️Hormonal Control of MC (i) FSH stimulates the ovarian follicles to produce oestrogens. (ii) LH stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progestrone. (iii) Menstrual phase is caused by the increased production of oestrogens. (iv) LH causes ovulation (v) Proliferative phase is caused by the increased production of oestrogens. (vi) Secretory phase is caused by increased production of progestrone.