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የፈተና ፕሮግራም ቅዳሜ .............. History Grade 11&12 unit one. Reward 150mb💵 ሰኞ................ economics grade 11 unit Two reward 💶150mb እሮብ........... Geography grade 11 unit Two TIME 10:00 a.m

ከዛሬ ጀምሮ ሁሉም የግል ትምህርት ቤቶች ተማሪዎችን ለ2013 የትምህርት ዘመን ምዝገባ መጀመር እንደሚችሉ ለመግለፅ አንወዳለን ፡፡ በተጨማሪም ለ 12ተኟ ክፍል ተማሪዎች አና ለ8 ከፍል ተማሪዎች ፈተናውን ለማስጠት ከፍተኟ እሪብርብ አየተደረገ አንደሚገኝ መግለፃችን አይዘነጋም በመሆኑም በዚህ ሳምንት አዲስ መግለጫ አንደምናወጣ ለመግለፅ እንወዳለን አዳዲስ መረጃዎች በፍጥነት እናደርሳለን @wwwneaeagove @Wwwneaeagove ለማንኛውም ጥያቄ @wwwneaeagovebot

Market Structure Market : a structure in which the buyers & sellers of a commodity remain in contact. Types of market ✧ Perfectly competitive market ✧ Pure monopoly market ✧ Monopolistically competitive market ✧ Oligopoly market 1. Perfect competition ✤ refers to markets where there are multiple firms selling identical products. ✤ It is difficult to differentiate goods in perfect market & price are well known. # Commodity markets are example of this ✅ Assumptions of Perfectly Competitive Market a. the presence of thousands of buyers and sellers b. the presence of homogeneous products c. the presence of free entry into the market and exit of firms out of the market. d. the presences of perfect knowledge about the market e. the presence of perfect mobility f. the absence of transport cost Demand curve - The individual firm will view its demand as perfectly elastic. A perfectly elastic demand curve is horizontal line at the price. - The demand curve for the industry is not perfectly elastic ; it only appears that way to the individual firms. Since they must take the market price no matter what quantity they produce. ✔ Therefore, the firm's demand curve is horizontal line at the market price. Distinction between Perfect & Pure Competition ✦ Pure Competition contains the first three conditions listed above. Which means : Large number of buyers & sellers, Homogeneous product &Free entry & exit of firms. ✦ In contrast, Competition is said to be Perfect when all six of the conditions listed above are satisfied. ✅ Revenue of a perfectly competitive market Revenue : The revenue of a firm are the receipts that it obtains from selling its products. Revenue curve: depicting the amount of revenue that received by selling the various quantity of a commodity. ♻️ Revenue have three main categories : ❶ Total Revenue(TR) ❷ Marginal Revenue(MR) ❸ Average Revenue (AR) 1.TR: Total revenue for a firm is the the selling price times quantity sold. TR is proportional to the amount of output. ✧ TR=( P x Q ) 2. AR : tells us how much revenue a firm receives for the typical unit sold. AR is total revenue divided by the quantity sold @ In perfect competition, average revenue equals the price of a good. ✧ AR =TR/Q = PxQ/Q =P 3. MR: is the change in total revenue from an additional unit sold. ✧ MR= ✧TR/✧Q echi ✧ lewubet adelm change malet nat eziga ▪️For competitive firms, marginal revenue equals the price of the good. ▫️For competitive firms, price (P)= AR=MR 🎵 Goal of a competitive Firm :Profit Maximization 🍔 The goal of a competitive firm is to Maximize Profit. # This means that the firm will want to produce the quantity that maximizes the difference between TR & TC Total Revenue & Total Cost 🍩 profit is equal to TR -TC, so the profit maximizing output level is where there is the greatest vertical distance between TR & TC. 🍎 Marginal revenue & Marginal cost approach : A firm will always maximise profits or minimise losses, if it produces where the marginal revenue equals the Marginal cost. ( MR =MC) 🍍 Conditions for profit maximization ✧ If MR> MC, then the firm should continue to produce. ✧ If MR=MC, then the firm should stop producing the additional unit. ✧ If MR< MC, then the firm should lower its output. 🍉 Producing at a Loss Recall that in the short run, firms have fixed costs that must be paid regardless. Thus if the firm can cover its variable costs & still have revenue to contribute to its fixed costs, it loses money by producing than by shutting down. ✦ price is less than average total cost, the firm makes a loss. ⚽️If P> ATC,II >0 🏀If P<ATC,II<0 🥎If P= ATC,II=0 🚲 Shut down point The shut down point is the point at which the firm will be better off if it shut down than it will stay in business. ✧ The firm shut down if the revenue it get from producing is less than variable cost of production. ✦ Shut down if TR<VC ✦ Shut down if TR/Q<VC/Q ✦ Shut down if P<AVC

ማስታወቂያ! የ2013 የትምህርት ዘመን የተማሪዎች ምዝገባ በሁሉም ትምህርት ቤቶች ከነገዉ እለት ማለትም ከ19/12/2012 ዓ/ም ጀምሮ ተገቢዉን ጥንቃቄ በማድረግ የሚጀመር መሆኑን እየገለጽን ቀኑ እንደተጠበቀ ሆኖ በመንግሰት ትምህርት ቤቶች ላይ ለሚደረገዉ ምዝገባ ትምህርት ቤቶች አስፈላጊዉን ዝግጅት እያደረጋችሁ እንድትጠብቁ እያሳሰብን የግል ትምህርት ተቋማት ከነገ እለት ጀምራችሁ ምዝገባ ማካሄድ የምትችሉ መሆኑን እናሳውቃለን፡፡ የአዲስ አበባ ከተማ አስተዳደር ትምህርት ቢሮ ሼር ═══◉❖◉════ ◉⇲ @MOEOFFICAL ⇲◉ ◉⇲ @MOEOFFICAL ⇲◉