International Medical Index Channel

"Normal spine" vs. "Osteoporosis of the spine"

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A microscope image shows a sickle cell, left, with normal red blood cells. (Coloured scanning electron microscope image)

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This is, so far, the most detailed look into the human cell.

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Examples of aortic valve pathology: a) Age-related calcific degeneration; note the nodular calcification on the outflow surface of the valve. b) Congenitally bicuspid aortic valve with calcific degeneration; two relatively equal-sized cusps are present—one anterior and one posterior. A small raphe is present on the anterior cusp (yellow arrow). The raphe is midline and runs perpendicular to the free edge of the valve. c) “Acquired” bicuspid aortic valve in rheumatic valve disease; the right and left aortic cusps are fused due to post-inflammatory scarring (yellow arrow). The result is a stenotic valve with two functional cusps. In contrast to congenitally bicuspid aortic valve, the conjoined cusp has about twice the surface area of the remaining cusp and its free edge is V-shaped. Mild commissural fusion can also be seen involving the right and posterior cusps (red arrow). d) Congenitally unicuspid aortic valve

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Awesome! Red blood cells under electron microscope

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Anatomy of the vertebral column

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A hiatal hernia or hiatus hernia is a type of hernia in which abdominal organs (typically the stomach) slip through the diaphragm into the middle compartment of the chest. This may result in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) with symptoms such as a taste of acid in the back of the mouth or heartburn. Other symptoms may include trouble swallowing and chest pains. Complications may include iron deficiency anemia, volvulus, or bowel obstruction. The diagnosis of a hiatal hernia is typically made through an upper GI series, endoscopy, high resolution manometry, esophageal pH monitoring, and computed tomography (CT). Barium swallow as in upper GI series allows the size, location, stricture, stenosis of esophagus to be seen. Besides, it can also evaluate the esophageal movements.

A hiatal hernia or hiatus hernia is a type of hernia in which abdominal organs (typically the stomach) slip through the diaphragm into the middle compartment of the chest. This may result in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) with symptoms such as a taste of acid in the back of the mouth or heartburn. Other symptoms may include trouble swallowing and chest pains. Complications may include iron deficiency anemia, volvulus, or bowel obstruction. The diagnosis of a hiatal hernia is typically made through an upper GI series, endoscopy, high resolution manometry, esophageal pH monitoring, and computed tomography (CT). Barium swallow as in upper GI series allows the size, location, stricture, stenosis of esophagus to be seen. Besides, it can also evaluate the esophageal movements.

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Mucinous cystadenoma of ovary Ovarian mucinous cystadenoma is a benign tumour that arises from the surface epithelium of the ovary. It is a multilocular cyst with smooth outer and inner surfaces.

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Strabismus is a condition in which the eyes do not properly align with each other when looking at an object. The eye that is focused on an object can alternate. The condition may be present occasionally or constantly. If present during a large part of childhood, it may result in amblyopia or loss of depth perception. If onset is during adulthood, it is more likely to result in double vision. Strabismus treatment aims to improve the alignment of the eyes and to correct the resulting vision loss (amblyopia). Strabismus and amblyopia can be treated with any one or a combination of glasses, eye patching or surgery.

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