Pathology with Dr.Ahmed Elsadawi

ابشرو طمنوني كيف درتو في المجمل عارف ان الامتحان جاء صعب اشوية و عكس سياسة القسم السابقة شن درتو اغلبكم ؟

موجود معاكم مزلت ساهر اي حد عنده اي استفسار او اي سؤال ولا حاصل في جرئية يدزلي ربي يوفقكم جميعا بكرا ان شاء الله 👏

اجابات اسئلة الRenal 👇👇👇 Q1 Nephrotic syndrome : 1) Heavy proteinuria ( > 3.5 g /day ) 2) Hypoproteinemia( hypoalbuminemia ) 3) Severe edema 4) Hyperlipidemia 5) Lipiduria (lipid in the urine) Q2 Nephritic syndrome : 1) Visible hematuria (red blood cells in urine) 2) Mild to moderate proteinuria 3) Azotemia 4) Edema 5) Hypertension Q3 👆👆👆 Q4 1. Minimal change glomerular disease 2. Membranous glomerulonephritis 3. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis 4. IgA nephropathy 5. Acute diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis Q5 SLE, PAN , DM, Amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, RA, HUS & AIDS nephropathy Q6 1. Hypercellularity (increase the cells in glomerular tufts) 2. Basement membrane thickening 3. Hyalinization and sclerosis. Q7 Classic anti-GBM disease Q8 Immune complex nephritis Q10 In MPGN Q11 Is Nodular GS : characterized by one or more hyaline nodules are present in the mesangium containing lipid & fibrin occur in Diabetic glomerulosclerosis Q12 INFECTIONS CAUSES : Bacterial , Chronic pyelonephritis ( reflux nephropathy) viruses, parasites & toxins NON INFECTIOUS CAUSES : Drugs( analgesic ) hypersensitivity reaction , Heavy metals ,Lead, cadmium metabolic causes urea ( Urate nephropathy ), hypercalcemia ( Nephrocalcinosis ) , hyperphosphatemia ( phosphate nephropathy ) , Hypokalemia hypokalemic nephropathy , Oxalate nephropathy PHYSICAL FACTORS ( urinary tract obstruction ) NEOPLASMS ( Multiple myeloma (light-chain cast nephropathy) Sjögren syndrome Sarcoidosis Q13 Common causes Bladder to kidney (Vesicoureteral reflux ) E.coli, Proteus, streptococcus, Klebsiella & Enterobacter Q14 1. Pyonephrosis 2. perinephric abscess 3. papillary necrosis Q15 1- Chronic reflux-associated 2- Chronic obstructive Q16 fever, eosinophilia & rash High IgE ( Hypersensitivity Reaction I ) Q17 NSAID Q18 1) Ischemic ATI 2) Nephrotoxic ATI Q19 1. Severe trauma 2. Blood loss 3. Acute pancreatitis 4. Septicemia. 5. Reduced intrarenal blood flow ( Hypotension, Shock ) Q20 1) Heavy metals (e.g., mercury) 2) Organic solvents (e.g., carbon tetrachloride) 3) Drugs such as gentamicin & other antibiotics 4) Radiographic contrast agents Q21 1) The initiating phase ( 36 hours ) 2) Maintenance phase ( 2-6th day ) 3) The recovery phase Q22 1. Acute diffuse proliferative GN. 2. Rapidly progressive GN 3. Membranoproliferative GN 4. IgA nephropathy 5. Hereditary nephritis Q23 1- Enlarged ,diffuse hypercellular of glomerulus 2- subepithelial immune complex deposits (humps) 3- Immunofluorescence granular deposits of IgG, IgM, and C3 Q24 In nephritic syndrome Q25 Type I RPGN ( anti-GBM antibodies) lead damage of the lungs and the kidneys Q26 Type I RPGN (Anti-GBM) Type II RPGN (Immune complex) Type III RPGN (Pauciimmune) Q27 defect in collagen type IV component of the GBM Q28 Class I: Lupus with no renal lesion Class II: Mesangial proliferative lupus nephritis Class III: Focal proliferative lupus nephritis Class IV: Diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis ( most severe form ) Class V: Diffuse membranous lupus nephritis Q29 BENIGN TUMORS : Renal Papillary Adenoma Angiomyolipoma Oncocytoma MALIGNANT TUMORS : Renal Cell Carcinomas Adenocarcinoma Wilms` tumors (Nephroblastoma) Q30 1. Cigarette smokers 2. Obesity 3. Hypertension 4. high estrogen 5. Exposure to asbestos, petroleum & heavy metals 6. exposure to cadmium. 7. Chronic renal failure 8. Polycystic kidney disease 9. Tuberous sclerosis. 10. Genetic factors Q31 مكرر نفس إجابة 29 Q32 VHL gene in chromosome 3 Q33 MET gene in chromosome 7 Q34 a) Polycythemia b) Hypercalcemia c) Hypertension d) Cushing syndrome e) Feminization f) Hepatic dysfunction g) Eosinophilia h) Leukemoid reactions Q35 Definition : inflammation in urinary bladder Types: 1)Bacterial cystitis 2) Hemorrhagic cystitis 3) interstitial cystitis Q36 Uroepithelial tumors ( Transitional cell Carcinoma )

Q20 Q21 ركزو فيهن لو في الامتحان فكرو يجيبولكم نظام كيس سيناريو

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Q28 1. Dilated cardiomyopathy 2. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 3. Restrictive cardiomyopathy Q29 I. INFECTIVE MYOCARDITIS Viral , Bacterial,Tuberculous ,Protozoal , Fungal &Helminth II.NON INFECTIVE § IDIOPATHIC (FIEDLER’S) MYOCARDITIS § Rheumatoid arthritis § Lupus erythematosus § Polyarteritis nodosa § Physical & chemical agents § Immunologic agents (Myasthenia gravis) § Metabolic derangements (Uremia, Hypokalemia) § Drug hypersensitivity reactions Q30 1- Primary pericarditis 2- Secondary pericarditis ( Dressler’s syndrome ) ( Radiation ) ( Uremia) 1- Acute pericarditis 2- Chronic pericarditis Q31 Auto immune disease association with SLE

حل اسئلة الCVS 👇👇 موفقين 👏👏 Q1- A- Role of fixed coronary obstruction B- Role of acute plaque change C- Role of coronary thrombosis D- Role of vasoconstriction Q2- Typical or Stable angina ( This is the most common type ) Prinzmetal angina Unstable ( crescendo angina ) Q3- false lead to ST elevation Q5 - Creatin phosphokinase ( CPK ) Lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH ) Cardiac specific troponins ( specific enzyme ) Q6 1. Cardiac arrhythmias. 2. Congestive heart failure. 3. Cardiogenic shock. 4. Thrombo-Embolism (mural thrombosis and embolism). 5. Rupture of left ventricle at the site of infarct. 6. Rupture of papillary muscle or chordae tendineae. 7. Left ventricular aneurysm. 8. Cardiac tamponade. 9. Pericarditis. 10. Post myocardial syndrome (Dressler’s syndrome) Q7 1. IHD (The most important cause) 2. Coronary vasospasm 3. Calcific aortic stenosis 4. Myocarditis 5. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 6. Mitral valve prolapse 7. Endocarditis 8. Hereditary ( Congenital ) Q8 1- Mac Callum’s patch 2- healed ( fibrotic ) Aschoff nodules 3- chronic adhesive pericarditis Q9 Major criteria RF - Carditis - Polyarthritis - Chorea - Erythema marginatum - Subcutaneous nodules Q11 Definition: localized, abnormal, permanent dilation of a blood vessel or the heart Types : true aneurysm False aneurysm Q12 • 1. Chronic endothelial injury results in endothelial dysfunction lead to increased leucocyte adhesion. • 2. Plasma proteins (including LDL) diffuse into the arterial intima • 3. Monocytes differentiated into macrophages. These macrophage form foam cells. • 4. Adhesion of platelets to the endothelium • 5. growth factors ( PDGF ) Q13 1. Ulceration or erosion 2. Hemorrhage 3. Atheroembolism 4. Calcifications 5. Aneurysm formation Q14 common in HIV Types : Classic (sporadic) KS African (endemic) KS AIDS-related (epidemic) KS Transplant (iatrogenic) KS Q15 1. Deposition of immune complex 2. Anti neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies 3. Anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECAs) 4. Pathogenic T lymphocyte responses Q16 Ventricular hypertrophy HF Ø Arrhithymias Ø Coronary artery disease, Acute MI Ø Arterial aneurysm & dissection Ø Glomerular sclerosis lead to RF Ø Ischemic kidney disease Ø Stroke, intracranial hemorrhage Ø Cerebral atrophy and dementia Ø Hypertensive retinopathy & retinal hemorrhages Q17 1. Pump failure 2. Impaired filling of cardiac chambers 3. Increased workload on the heart Q18 1. Acute Heart Failure (Cardiogenic Shock) 2. Chronic Heart Failure (CHF) 3. Forward Failure and Backward Failure 4. Left-Sided Heart Failure 5. Right-Sided Heart Failure 6. High output failure 7. Low output failure – 95% ( most common type ) Q22 Definition : any chronic lung disease lead to right side HF Causes : 1. Chronic bronchities 2. Chronic emphysema 3. TB 4. Pneumoconiosis 5. Cystic fibrosis 6. Multiple pulmonary embolism Q23 1. Tetralogy of Fallot 2. Transposition of great arteries 3. Persistent truncus arteriosus 4. Tricuspid atresia and stenosis Q24 1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) 2. Atrial septal defect (ASD) 3. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) Q25 Hypertensive Urgency : when blood pressure readings are 180/110 or higher -- but there is no damage to the body's organs Hypertensive Emergency : sudden sever increase in BP & associated with acute injury to target organs (End organ damage) Q26 Benign hypertension : moderate elevation of BP & slow rises over the years Malignant hypertension : marked and sudden increase of blood pressure to 200/120 mmHg & Rapid development of renal failure, left ventricular failure Q27 • Glomerulonephrities • Polycystic kidney Diseases • Renal artery stenosis • Cushing syndrome • Hypothyroidism (myxedema) • Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis) • Hyperparathyrodism • Pregnancy induced • Coarctation of the aorta • Polyarteritis nodosa • Increased cardiac output • Acute stress ( surgery ) • OCP • steroids

😂 بالنسبة للحل تو انزله لكم بكرا نبيكم تحاولو فيهن بروحكم عالاقل اعصرو الsulci و gyri اشوية صدقوني حيطلعن المعلومات اعتبروه اختبار لمعلوماتكم

Most important renal questions 👇👇 1- What is the features of nephrotic syndrome ? 2- What is the features of nephritic syndrome ? 3- What is difference between nephrotic & nephritic syndrome ? 4- What is the types 1ry glomerular nephrotic syndrome ? 5- What is the causes 2ry glomerular nephrotic syndrome ? 6_ What is the histological features of glomerular inflammation ? 7- Linear characters of immunofluorescence microscopy seen in ? 8- Granular characters of immunofluorescence microscopy seen in ? 9- What is the difference between type I MPGN vs type II MPGN ? 10-Tram track appearance seen in ? 11- What is the Kimmelsteil-Wilson disease ? 12- What is the causes tubulointerstitial nephritis ? 13- What is the causes acute pyelonephritis ? 14- What is the complications of acute pyelonephritis ? 15- What is the types of chronic pyelonephritis ? 16- What is the pathognomonic feature of drug induced nephritis ? 17- What is the type of drug that lead to both interstitial & glomerular nephrotic syndrome ? 18- What is the types of AKI ? 19- What is the causes of ischemic AKI ? 20- What is the causes of toxic AKI ? 21 - What is the clinical phases of AKI ? 22 -What is the types of 1ry nephritic syndrome ? 23- What is the histological features post streptococcal GN ? 24- Cresent cells formation seen in nephrotic or nephritic ? 25- What is the Good pasture syndrome ? 26- What is the types of Rapidly Progressive GN ? 27- What is the Alport syndrome ? 28- What is the WHO classification of lupus nephritis ? 29- What is the classification of renal tumors ? 30- Risk factors of renal cancer ? 31- What is the classification of renal cell carcinoma ? 32- What is the gene affected in non papillary ( clear type ) renal cell carcinoma ? 33- What is the gene affected in papillary renal cell carcinoma ? 34- Symptoms of paraneoplastic syndrome in renal cancer ? 35- Define cystitis ? What is the classification ? 36- What is the most common type of urinary bladder cancer ? 37- What is the types of renal stone ? What is the most common type ?

حنقعد كل مرة نديرلكم تجميعة اسئلة على كورس معين الكورس اللي عندكم فيه مشكلة و مش مثبتينه كويس اكتبوه ليا نبدالكم بيه

هذينا اهم الاسئلة اللي يتكررن سواء في الاورال او Short Notes في كورس CVS 👇👇 What is the 4 roles of IHD etio-pathogenesis ? What is the types of Angina pectoris ? Variant angina characterized by ST - segment depression in ECG True or False ? What is the difference between transmural & Subendocardial infarction ? What is the types of cardiac enzymes ? And what is more specific cardiac enzyme ? Complication of MI ? What is difference between nephrotic & nephritic syndrome ? What is the features of chronic rheumatic heart disease ? What is the major criteria of RF ( Jones criteria ) ? What is the difference between acute & subacute bacterial endocarditis ? Definition of aneurysm ? Types ? Staging of atherosclerosis ? Complication of atherosclerosis ? Causes & Types of kaposi sarcoma ? Causes ( pathogenesis ) of vasculitis ? Complications of HTN ? Etio-pathogenesis of HF ? What is the types of HF ? What is the difference between Acute & Chronic HF ? What is the features of Left side HF ? What is the features of Right side HF ? What is the definition of Corpulmonale ? Causes ? What is the examples of cyanotic heart disease ? What is the examples of acyanotic heart disease ? What is difference between hypertensive urgency & hypertensive emergency ? What is difference between benign hypertension & malignant hypertension ? What is the causes of 2ry Hypertension ? What is the types of cardiomyopathy ? Causes of myocarditis ? What is the types of pericarditis ? What is Libman Sacks disease ?

Mass effect of pituitary gland enlargement قاعدة ثابتة افهمها حتفهم كل انواع Blindness كيف يصيرن 👌 افهم ما تحفظش 👌

اي حد عنده مشكلة في Bleeding Disorders و خاصة موضوع aPtt و PT يحضر الفيديو هذا 👌

عارف ان اغلبكم عندهم مشكلة في موضوع wbc Disorders هذينا فيديوين👆 مجموعهن مع بعضهن ساعة وحدة بس يلمنلكم موضوع wbc Diseases و معش تنسوهن بكل بإذن الله .. موفقين جميعا 👏✌