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19th April अबकी बार UPSC पार-अखबार सार

Mobile Banking – This is a service provided by banks and financial institutions to carry out financial transactions through a mobile device. Micro ATM – These are portable devices allowing banking transactions through card swipe machines. The latest addition to India’s digital payment methods has to have a massive impact on the economy as well, as this will make the homegrown payments system even more ubiquitous. It also enters into the area which was dominated by the Debit cards so far. The size of this area can be gauged by the fact that according to the RBI data, ₹2.55 trillion were withdrawn from ATMs in February 2022 only through the debit cards.

For the success of the programme, the prerequisites were: the availability of high-speed Internet, mobile phones and bank accounts to every citizen, availability of services in real-time from online and mobile platforms, making financial transactions electronic and cashless, and digital literacy and availability of digital resources across the country. All conditions were met and India created a huge space and potential to become a digital economy. As of October 2021, the country had around 1.18 billion mobile connections, 700 million Internet users, and about 600 million smartphones. With about 25.5 billion real-time payment transactions, India ranked first in the world in terms of the number of transactions in 2020 only. All these numbers have risen exponentially over the last few years. As a big leap, on 8th April, 2022, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) unveiled a Unified Payments Interface (UPI) for feature phone users in order to increase the country’s acceptance of digital payments. This would make digital payments more inclusive by allowing people from lower socioeconomic strata to participate. More than 40 crore feature phones are already in use in the country. Furthermore, enabling UPI for feature phone users will also assist National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) in meeting its goal of processing 1 billion transactions per day in the next 3–5 years. It will also help the RBI achieve its goal of reducing the use of cash. The NPCI started its journey in 2008. It was formed by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and Indian Banks’ Association (IBA) in order to create a robust payment and settlement infrastructure in India. Since then, the NPCI has launched several products. What is noteworthy is the rapid emergence of newer models. Prior to cardless cash withdrawals by the UPI, around 10 different types of digital payment methods were available in India. These include: Banking Card – This was launched by the Central Bank of India in India in 1980, in the form of the first credit card. MasterCard was introduced in 1988, and until 1993, several PSU banks started issuing credit cards. Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) – The USSD functionality was launched in 2016. This is a mobile banking facility enabling users to use mobile banking without smartphones or an Internet connection. Aadhaar Enabled Payment Systems (AEPS) – This is a bank-led model which allows online interoperable financial inclusion transactions at point-of-sale (PoS) through the business correspondent of any bank using the Aadhaar authentication. Unified Payments Interface (UPI) – UPI was developed by NPCI in 2016; it facilitates peer-to-peer, person-to-merchant transactions. Mobile Wallet – This is a virtual wallet that stores payment card information on a mobile device. Bank Pre-Paid Card – Under the motto “Pay Now, Use Later,” the pre-paid cards allow users to buy things with funds available in their cards. Point of Sale – Point of Sale (PoS) is a technological instrument provided by a Merchant Establishment (ME) to carry out the sale of goods or services to customers in a cashless environment. Internet Banking – This is an online banking method that enables customers of a bank or financial institution to carry out transactions through a portal.

How India Deepens Her Digital Pay Infra On 8th April, 2022, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) proposed to make cardless cash withdrawals available across all banks and ATM networks using the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) to boost card-less cash withdrawals. This is on the top of the scores of measures taken under the Digital India programme. The programme was launched by the Government of India in 2015 in order to transform India into a digitally empowered society and a knowledge economy. The three main vision areas focused in the programme are: Digital infrastructure as a core utility to every citizen. Governance and services on demand. Digital empowerment of citizens.

भारतीय गेहूं का आयात करने वाले शीर्ष 10 देश 2021-22 में भारतीय गेहूं का आयात करने वाले शीर्ष देशों में बांग्लादेश, नेपाल, संयुक्त अरब अमीरात, श्रीलंका, यमन, अफगानिस्तान, कतर, इंडोनेशिया, ओमान, मलेशिया शामिल है। देश के कृषि क्षेत्र में केंद्र सरकार की तमाम योजनाओं और नीतिगत बदलावों का ही नतीजा है कि आज देश में कृषि उत्पादन ही नहीं बढ़ा है बल्कि विश्व स्तर पर भारत खाद्यान्न की जरूरत पूरा करने के लिए एक मजबूत देश के रूप में उभरा है।

गेहूं-चावल और चीनी का बढ़ा निर्यात चीनी का निर्यात 34,503 करोड़ रुपए के स्तर पर पहुंचा है जो कि अपने आप में एक रिकॉर्ड स्तर है। बीते पांच साल में चीनी का निर्यात 12 गुना बढ़ा है। वहीं अगर हम बात करें 2017-18 की तो इस अवधि में 6.2 लाख टन के मुकाबले 2021-22 में 75 लाख टन चीनी निर्यात किया गया है। यह दर्शाता है कि किस तरह से निर्यात में एक बड़ी वृद्धि दर्ज की गई है। वहीं अगर गेहूं के निर्यात को लेकर बात हो तो गेहूं का निर्यात एक साल में ढाई गुना से ज्यादा बढ़ा है। 15,890 करोड़ के गेहूं निर्यात के साथ 5 साल में करीब 25 गुना की बढ़ोतरी देखी गई है। चावल के निर्यात में भी 2021-22 में 9.35 फीसदी की बढ़ोतरी हुई है। इस अवधि में 9.6 अरब डॉलर के चावल का निर्यात किया गया है। चावल के निर्यात को अगर हम दूसरे शब्दों में समझें तो फसल वर्ष 2021-22 में देश का कुल खाद्यान्न उत्पादन रिकॉर्ड 31.60 करोड़ टन पहुंचने का अनुमान है। इसी के साथ पिछले फसल वर्ष में कुल खाद्यान्न उत्पादन 31.07 करोड़ टन रहा था। इस वर्ष गेहूं का उत्पादन रिकॉर्ड 11.13 करोड़ टन रहने का अनुमान जताया गया है। पिछले वर्ष गेहूं का उत्पादन 10.95 करोड़ टन रहा था। 20

BRO’s Project Yojak The execution of the ongoing Darcha-Padum-Nimmu road project would get a boost after the newly created ‘Project Yojak’, which is being spearheaded by Chief Engineer Jitender Parsad. Notably, the road project would provide alternative connectivity to border areas of Ladakh from the Himachal side. Further, BRO is planning to build a 4.25-km tunnel beneath the Shinkula Pass to provide round-the-year road connectivity to Ladakh from the Himachal side. “One Border Road Task Force with 2 RCC shall be stationed at Zanskar for the execution of the Darcha-Padum-Nimmu road and the construction of the tunnel beneath the pass, “ said Director-General of BRO, Lt Gen Rajeev Chaudhary. He further added that it will be the world’s longest tunnel at such a high altitude. The local labor force will continue to get preference and will be paid a handsome salary. The BRO has set a target to complete the construction of the Shinkula Pass tunnel by 2025, which would provide impetus to the tourism sector, benefiting local residents by connecting the Zanskar valley from the Himachal side.

BRO restores Shinkula La Pass at 16,700 ft to connect Ladakh’s Zanskar valley Adding yet another feather in the cap, the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) restored the Darcha-Padum road via the Shinkula Pass, which sits at the altitude of 16,700 ft for the movement of the Indian Army vehicles between Lahaul in Himachal Pradesh and the Zanskar valley in Union Territory of Ladakh. However, civil traffic on Darcha-Padum road would be allowed after the approval of the district administration Lahaul and Spiti. It is noteworthy that the pass was restored 50 days earlier than the previous years, which will give major respite to 15 villages of Zanskar Valley.

According to the Ministry, concerns were shared through a series of formal communications that included issuing six letters to WHO and holding virtual meetings. During these exchanges, specific queries have been raised by India along with the other Member States e.g. China, Iran, Bangladesh, Syria, Ethiopia and Egypt regarding the methodology, and use of unofficial sets of data. Concerns: “The concern specifically includes how the statistical model projects estimates for a country of geographical size & population of India and also fits in with other countries which have a smaller population. Such a size fits all approach and models which are true for smaller countries like Tunisia may not be applicable to India with a population of 1.3 billion,” stated Union Health Ministry. Further, the Ministry claims that the model gives two highly different sets of excess mortality estimates when using the data from Tier 1 countries and when using unverified data from 18 Indian states. Such a wide variation in estimates raises concerns about the validity and accuracy of such a modelling exercise. Global Health Estimates pose a confusion: According to the Ministry, the Global Health Estimates (GHE) 2019 on which the modelling for Tier II countries is based, is itself an estimate. The present modelling exercise seems to be providing its own set of estimates based on another set of historic estimates while disregarding the data available with the country. It is not clear as to why GHE 2019 has been used for estimating expected deaths figures for India, whereas, for the Tier 1 countries, their own historical datasets were used when it has been repeatedly highlighted that India has a robust system of data collection and management. In view of this, the ministry stated that in order to calculate the age-sex death distribution for India, WHO determined standard patterns for age and sex for the countries with reported data (61 countries) and then generalized them to the other countries (incl. India) who had no such distribution in their mortality data. Based on this approach, India’s age-sex distribution of predicted deaths was extrapolated based on the age-sex distribution of deaths reported by four countries (Costa Rica, Israel, Paraguay and Tunisia). “The test positivity rate for Covid-19 in India was never uniform throughout the country at any point in time. But, this variation in covid-19 positivity rate within India was not considered for modelling purposes. Further, India has undertaken COVID-19 testing at a much faster rate than what WHO has advised. India has maintained molecular testing as the preferred testing method and used Rapid Antigen for screening purposes only. Whether these factors have been used in the model for India is still unanswered,”

COVID-19: India questions WHO methodology to estimate the mortality rate in country In a recent turn of events, India has shown disagreement with the methodology used by World Health Organisation in estimating the mortality rate caused by the deadly Coronavirus. The statement issued by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare suggested that India’s objection has not been with the results but rather the methodology adopted for the same. The Union Health Ministry respond to a New York Times article titled “India Is Stalling the WHO’s Efforts to Make Global Covid Death Toll Public” dated 16th April 2022, which claimed that India’s toll is at least 40 lakh against the government’s tally of around 5.2 lakh as of Saturday, i.e 16th April 2022.

There is very high probability that this quote or such type of any other quote is being asked in Ethics paper this year- in relation to war ethics & Russo-Ukraine War... so be prepared