𝑻𝒐𝒅𝒂𝒚’𝒔 𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒇𝒖𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒅𝒐𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 🩺
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من سلك طريقًا يلتمس فيه علمًا سهّل الله له به طريقًا إلى الجنة 𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 →𝒇𝒖𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒅𝒐𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓. 𝑺𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒚 • 𝑰𝒏𝒔𝒑𝒊𝒓𝒆 •𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒘 • 𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒆🩺✨
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📌 Enzyme Classification
🔹 Oxidoreductases → Oxidation & Reduction
🔹 Transferases → Transfer groups
🔹 Hydrolases → Break bonds using water
🔹 Lyases → Add/remove groups without water
🔹 Isomerases → Convert isomers
🔹 Ligases → Join molecules using ATP
يعني باختصار 🤏🏻🌷
OTHLIL
Oxidation → Transfer → Hydrolysis → Lyase → Isomer → Link📌POST 5 | MUST-MEMORIZE FACTS
🔹 NAD⁺ ← Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
🔹 FAD ← Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
🔹 Active Site functions:✰ Binding ✰Catalysis
🔹 First Order: [S] < Km
🔹 Zero Order: [S] > Km
Zero-order means the enzyme is saturated and working at Vmax.
📌 POST 4 | Holoenzyme
🔹 Apoenzyme = Protein part only (inactive).
🔹 Cofactor = Non-protein part.
🔹 Coenzyme = Organic cofactor.
🔹 Prosthetic group = Permanently attached coenzyme.
⭐ Holoenzyme = Apoenzyme + Cofactor
Students often mix up Apoenzyme and Holoenzyme.
📌 POST 3 | Competitive vs Noncompetitive Inhibition
🔹Competitive Inhibition
✰ Km ↑
✰ Vmax unchanged
🔹Noncompetitive Inhibition
✰ Km unchanged
✰ Vmax ↓
This is one of the most repeated MCQ topics.
📌 POST 2 | Km & Affinity
🔹 Km = substrate concentration at ½ Vmax.
🔹 Low Km = High Affinity.
🔹 High Km = Low Affinity.
Most common exam trap:
Students reverse the relationship between Km and Affinity.📌 POST 1 | ENZYME BASICS
🔹 Enzymes are biological catalysts.
🔹 Increase reaction rate.
🔹 Lower Activation Energy (Ea).
🔹 Are not consumed during the reaction.
🔹 Do not change ΔG or equilibrium.
Most students confuse:
Enzymes make reactions faster, not different.لديك رسالة مجهولة 💌 :
الوقت : 06:00 PM
الامتحان كم سؤال إن شاءالله مش 100بس🥲؟
