جــرعــة طــب

An antral-predominant H. pylori infection leads to increased acid secretion. Which cell inhibition explains this effect?

A patient with autoimmune gastritis has achlorhydria due to parietal cell loss. Which hormone level is increased as a result

A patient with chronic H. pylori gastritis develops a gastric lymphoid tumor. Which malignancy is most likely?

A patient develops acute gastritis after prolonged NSAID use without infection. Which physiologic effect is most impaired?

A patient with long-standing chronic gastritis develops intestinal-type changes in gastric mucosa. Which process best describes this transformation

A 55-year-old woman presents with fatigue and paresthesia. Labs show macrocytic anemia and antibodies against intrinsic factor. Which area of the stomach is most affected?

A 42-year-old man presents with chronic epigastric discomfort. Testing confirms Helicobacter pylori infection involving the antrum. Which mechanism contributes to mucosal damage?

A 60-year-old ICU patient with severe burns develops hematemesis. Endoscopy reveals diffuse gastric mucosal injury. What is the primary pathophysiologic mechanism?

A 35-year-old man presents with epigastric pain after heavy alcohol intake and NSAID use. Endoscopy shows superficial mucosal erosion without deep ulceration. Which mechanism is most responsible for his condition

A patient presents with chest pain. Cardiac workup is negative. Pain worsens after meals and improves with antacids. Best next step?

A 50-year-old patient with GERD undergoes fundoplication. What is the mechanism?

A patient has regurgitation of undigested food, especially at night, and no response to PPI. Barium swallow shows a dilated esophagus with bird-beak appearance. Diagnosis?

A patient with long-standing GERD undergoes biopsy showing intestinal metaplasia without dysplasia. What is the best management?

A 35-year-old obese man has regurgitation and chronic cough. Symptoms improve with PPI. Which mechanism explains his cough?

A 40-year-old woman has persistent heartburn despite 8 weeks of high-dose PPI therapy. Endoscopy is normal. What is the next best step?

Which is the most common cause of GERD?

A 45-year-old man has heartburn after meals and when lying down. No alarm symptoms. Next step?

A patient with chronic GERD develops dysphagia and weight loss. Next step?