pediatric final

The most common manifestation of congenital rubella syndrome is sensorineural deafness (hearing loss). The most common manifestation of congenital CMV infection in neonates is actually asymptomatic infection at birth. More than 90% of infected infants show no clinical signs initially.

In older children status epilepticus: 1st line: Benzodiazepine Lorazepam IV 0.1 mg/kg preferred If no IV: midazolam IM/IN/buccal 0.2 mg/kg 2nd line: Long-acting antiseizure drug Fosphenytoin/phenytoin 20 mg/kg IV OR Levetiracetam 40–60 mg/kg IV OR Valproate 20–40 mg/kg IV

Before anticonvulsants in neonates, always correct: Hypoglycemia Hypocalcemia Electrolyte disturbance Infection if suspected First-line: Phenobarbital Second-line: Levetiracetam or Phenytoin/Fosphenytoin

Dyskinatic or ethtoid Kernicterus ✅

Most common type of CP ✅spastic Moct Common type of spastic ✅Diplagia Presentation of patien Lower limb effected more than upper Dragging his feet behind him scissor gait More common in premature

the empirical antibiotic always a combination. The combination is ceftriaxone and vancomycin In the neonate, we use ceftazidime Most common cause of hearing loss , H influenza In the children more than six weeks old, we use dexamethasone Most common cause in neonate group B Streptococcus Most common cause in children Streptococcus pneumoniae Most common cause of death in hours is Neisseria meningitidis Most common late complication meningitis is SN deafness

In HUS don't use platelets don't use antibiotics

In post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN): do NOT routinely use prednisolone. Treatment is mainly supportive: Salt + fluid restriction Furosemide for edema / hypertension Antihypertensive if severe BP Penicillin/amoxicillin to eradicate streptococcus, not to treat GN itself Dialysis only if severe renal failure/overload

Most bronchiolitis is caused by RSV High risk baby =Palivizumab vaccine

نوع المينتننس

Exam summary: • Isotonic dehydration → D5 NS + KCl • Hyponatremic dehydration → D5 NS + KCl, avoid rapid Na correction • Hypernatremic dehydration → NS bolus first, then D5 ½ NS + KCl, slow correction

Miltefosine is the only oral anti-leishmania drug.

-بخصوص هذا السؤال: - When physical positioning and calming measures fail, medical therapy is required. - Phenylephrine is a pure alpha-1 adrenergic agonist. It causes potent vasoconstriction, which directly raises SVR. This shifts the pressure dynamics, forcing blood out of the right ventricle into the pulmonary circuit instead of escaping through the VSD into the aorta. *** Morphine is often used to calm the patient and reduce tachypnea, but phenylephrine is the specific hemodynamic tool used to escalate SVR when positioning fails.

⭐️ Hypercyanotic spells : - The presentation describes a classic hypercyanotic "tet spell." - The very first, least invasive, and most effective immediate action is to place the infant in a knee-to-chest position . This maneuver mechanically kinks the femoral arteries, sharply increasing Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR). The higher systemic pressure forces more blood through the right ventricular outflow tract into the lungs rather than shunting right-to-left across the VSD.