Computer Science Technology IT Notes PDF

■ JUSTICE #preamble ◇ The term Justice in the Preamble embraces three distinct forms social, economic and political, secured through various provisions of Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles. ◇ Social justice denotes the equal treatment of all citizens without any social distinction based on caste, colour, race, religion, sex and so on. It means absence of privileges being extended to any particular section of the society and improvement in the conditions of backward classes (SCS STB and CBCs) and women. ◇ Economic justice denotes the non-discrimination between people on the basis of economic factors. It involves the elimination of glaring inequalties in wealth, income and property. A combination of social justice and economic justice denotes what is known as distributive justice. ◇ Political justice implies that all citizens should have equal poitical rights, equal access to all political offices and equal voice in the government.

■ SECULAR #Preamble ◇ The term ‘secular’ too was added by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976. ◇ However, as the Supreme Court said in 1974, although the words ‘secular state’ were not expressedly mentioned in the Constitution, there can be no doubt that Constitution makers wanted to establish such a state and accordingly Articles 25 to 28 (guaranteeing the fundamental right to freedom of religion) have been included in the constitution. ◇ The Indian Constitution embodies the positive concept of secularism i.e, all religions in our country (irrespective of their strength) have the same status and support from the state.

■ DEMOCRATIC #Preamble ◇ A democratic polity, as stipulated in the Preamble, is based on the doctrine of popular sovereignty, that is, possession of supreme power by the people. ◇ Democracy is of two types–direct and indirect. In direct democracy, the people exercise their supreme power directly as is the case in Switzerland. There are four devices of direct democracy, namely, Referendum, Initiative, Recall and Plebiscite. ◇ In indirect democracy, on the other hand, the representatives elected by the people exercise the supreme power and thus carry on the government and make the laws. This type of democracy, also known as representative democracy, is of two kinds–parliamentary and presidential. ◇ The Indian Constitution provides for representative parliamentary democracy under which the executive is responsible to the legislature for all its policies and actions.

■ SECULAR #Preamble ◇ The term ‘secular’ too was added by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976. ◇ However, as the Supreme Court said in 1974, although the words ‘secular state’ were not expressedly mentioned in the Constitution, there can be no doubt that Constitution makers wanted to establish such a state and accordingly Articles 25 to 28 (guaranteeing the fundamental right to freedom of religion) have been included in the constitution. ◇ The Indian Constitution embodies the positive concept of secularism i.e, all religions in our country (irrespective of their strength) have the same status and support from the state.

■ INGREDIENTS OF THE PREAMBLE #Preamble The Preamble reveals four ingredients or components: ◇ Source of authority of the Constitution: The Preamble states that the Constitution derives its authority from the people of India. ◇ Nature of Indian State: It declares India to be of a sovereign, socialist, secular democratic and republican polity. ◇ Objectives of the Constitution: It specifies justice, liberty, equality and fraternity as the objectives. ◇ Date of adoption of the Constitution: It stipulates November 26, 1949, as the date.

■ SOVEREIGN #Preamble ◇ The word ‘sovereign’ implies that India is neither a dependency nor a dominion of any other nation, but an independent state. ◇ There is no authority above it, and it is free to conduct its own affairs (both internal and external). ◇ Though in 1949, India declared the continuation of her full membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and accepted the British Crown as the head of the Commonwealth, this extra- constitutional declaration does not affect India’s sovereignty in any manner .

■ INGREDIENTS OF THE PREAMBLE #Preamble The Preamble reveals four ingredients or components: ◇ Source of authority of the Constitution: The Preamble states that the Constitution derives its authority from the people of India. ◇ Nature of Indian State: It declares India to be of a sovereign, socialist, secular democratic and republican polity. ◇ Objectives of the Constitution: It specifies justice, liberty, equality and fraternity as the objectives. ◇ Date of adoption of the Constitution: It stipulates November 26, 1949, as the date.

■ INGREDIENTS OF THE PREAMBLE #Preamble The Preamble reveals four ingredients or components: ◇ Source of authority of the Constitution: The Preamble states that the Constitution derives its authority from the people of India. ◇ Nature of Indian State: It declares India to be of a sovereign, socialist, secular democratic and republican polity. ◇ Objectives of the Constitution: It specifies justice, liberty, equality and fraternity as the objectives. ◇ Date of adoption of the Constitution: It stipulates November 26, 1949, as the date.