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■ INDIAN COUNCIL ACT 1892 #Historicalbackground ◇ It increased the number of additional (non-official) members in the Central and provincial legislative councils, but maintained the official majority in them. ◇ It increased the functions of legislative councils and gave them the power of discussing the budget and addressing questions to the executive. ◇ It provided for the nomination of some non-official members of the :- • Central Legislative Council by the viceroy on the recommendation of the provincial legislative councils and the Bengal Chamber of Commerce, and • that of the provincial legislative councils by the Governors on the recommendation of the district boards, municipalities, universities, trade associations, zamin-dars and chambers.

■ INDIAN COUNCIL ACT OF 1861 #Historicalbackground ◇ It made a beginning of Representative institutions by assosiating Indian with law - making Process. ◇ Viceroy Canning nominated three Indians to the legislative council - The Raja of Benaras, Maharaja of Patiala and Sir Dinkar rao. ◇ It initiated the process of Decentralisation by restoring the legislative Powers to the Bombay and Madras presidency. ◇ It also provided for the establishment of new legislative councils for Bengal, NWFP and Punjab. ◇ It also gave a recognition to the Portfolio system, introduced by Canning.

■ GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT OF 1858 #Historicalbackground ◇ India will now be governed by, and in the name of, Her Majesty. ◇ Designation of Governor-General of India will now be changed to that of Viceroy of India. ◇ It ended the system of Double government by abolishing the Board of Control and Court of Directors. ◇ Created a new office, Sectetary of State for India, vested with complete authority and control over Administration. ◇ It established a 15 - member council of india to assist the secretary of state of India. ◇ It constituted the secretary of state in council as a body corporate, capable of suing and being sued in India.

■ CHARTER ACT OF 1853 #Historicalbackground ◇ Seperated Legislative and Executive functions of Governor-General's council. ◇ It provided for Addition of Six new members to the Council. ◇ It introduced open Competition for Selection and recruitment of Civil servants. ◇ Extended Company's rule of Indian possession on behalf of British Govt. But did not specify any particular period. ◇ It introduced Local representation in Indian (central) Legislative Council. ◇ Of 6 new members 4 members appointed by Local Governments of Madras, Bombay, Bengal, and Agra.

■ CHARTER ACT 1833 #Historicalbackground ◇ Governor-General of Bengal now made the Governor- General of India and vested in him all civil and military powers. ◇ It deprived the Governor of Bombay and Madras of their legislative powers. ◇ It ended the activities of the East India Company as a commercial body, which became a purely administrative body. ◇ Attempted to introduce a system of open competition for selection of civil servants and stated that the Indians should not be debarred from holding any place, office and employment under the Company.

■ CHARTER ACT 1813. #Historicalbackground ◇ Company's trade monopoly abolished except its monopoly over trade in Tea and Trade with china. ◇ It's asserted Crown's Sovereignty over Company. ◇ Christian missionaries allowed in India. ◇ Spread of Western education allowed. ◇ Local Govt. can now impose Taxes on Persons. Can also punish for not paying Taxes.

AMENDING ACT 1781. #Historicalbackground ◇ This act was passed to rectify the defects of Regulating act of 1773. ◇ It exempted Governor-General and the council from the jurisdiction of Supreme court. ◇ It excluded the Revenue matters from the Jurisdiction of Supreme court. ◇ It provided that Supreme court will have jurisdiction all over Calcutta. ◇ Appeals from Provincial court could be taken to Governor-General-in-council and not to Supreme court. ◇ Governor general now empowered to frame regulations for Provincial courts and council.

■ REGULATING ACT 1773 #Historicalbackground ◇ Governor of Bengal will now be Governor-General of Bengal. ◇ Created an Executive Council of 4 members to assist him. ◇ First Governor General was Warren Hastings. ◇ Establishment of Supreme court in Calcutta. Comprising 1 CJI and 3 other Judges. ◇ Prohibited the Servants from engaging in any Private Trades and taking Bribes from Natives. ◇ Court of Directors will report about the functioning of EIC to Government.

The Rig Veda ▪️ The Rig Veda is the earliest of the Vedas. It is a collection of 1,028 hymns in Vedic Sanskrit. ▪️ Many of these are beautiful descriptions of the nature. The prayers are largely for seeking worldly prosperity. ▪️ It is believed that these recitations are the natural outpouring of the Vedic Rishis, experiencing a mentally transcendental stage. ▪️ Some of the well-known Rishis are Vasistha, Gautama, Gritasamada, Vamadeva, Vishvamitra and Atri. ▪️ The prominent gods of the Rig Veda are Indra, Agni, Varun, Rudra, Aditya, Vayu, Aditi and the Ashwini twins. ▪️ Some of the prominent goddesses are Usha - the goddess of dawn, Vak - the goddess of speech and Prithvi - the goddess of earth.

The Yajur Veda ▪️ Yajur means sacrifice or worship. ▪️ This Veda is concerned mostly with the rites and Mantras of different sacrifices. ▪️ It gives directions for the performance of the Yajnas. It has both poetic and prose renderings. ▪️ Being a treatise on rituals, it is the most popular of the four Vedas. There are two major branches of the Yajur Veda, viz., Shukla and Krishna Yajur Veda, i.e., Vajasaneyi Samhita and Taitriya Samhita. ▪️ This text reflects on the social and religious condition of India at that time.

The Sama Veda ▪️ Sama means melody or songs. ▪️ This Veda consists of 16,000 Ragas and Raginis or musical notes. Out of total 1,875 verses, only 75 are original and others are from the Rig Veda. ▪️ The Sama Veda prescribes the tunes for the recitation of the hymns of the Rig Veda. ▪️ It may be called the book of Chants (Saman). This book is an evidence of the development of the Indian music during this period.

THE POLICY OF RING FENCE • Warren Hastings followed a policy of ring-fence which aimed at creating buffer zones to defend the Company’s frontiers. • Broadly speaking, it was the policy of defense of their neighbours’ frontiers for safeguarding their own territories. • The states brought under the ringfence system were required to maintain subsidiary forces that were to be organized, equipped and commanded by the officers of the Company who, in turn, were to be paid by the rulers of these states.

✅ Terai Elephant Reserve The Indian Government approved the establishment of Terai Elephant Reserve in Uttar Pradesh. ♻️ About Terai Elephant Reserve The Terai Elephant Reserve will be established in Dudhwa-Pilibhit in Uttar Pradesh. It will span across 3,049 sq km area. It will be the 33rd elephant reserve to be set up in India. It will be in the joint forest regions of Dudhwa and Piliphit tiger reserves that are involved in the conservation of tiger, Asian elephant, swamp deer and one-horned rhinoceros. It is the third elephant reserve to get approval from the Union Environment Ministry in the past three months under Project Elephant, with the other two being Lemru in Chhattisgarh and Agasthymalai in Tamil Nadu. ♻️ Why is TER significant? The establishment of the new elephant reserve will help conserve the trans-boundary migration of elephant populations. It will help protect the neighbouring villages in the Indo-Nepal border area of Uttar Pradesh. It will also help in the management of grassland and elephant corridor in Dudhwa and Piliphit tiger reserves. Tiger reserves’ conservation efforts and the elephant reserve plans will supplement each other, making activities like drinking water management, maintenance and renovation of wildlife corridors, capacity building of forest personnel, mitigation of human-animal conflict and others more economical. Due to the absence of financial constraints, forest officials of the tiger reserves can compensate villagers for the damages of crops and houses caused by elephants without requiring state government’s funding. This will ensure the welfare of both the wildlife in protected areas and residents of nearby villages. ♻️ What is Project Elephant? Project Elephant was launched by the Central Government in 1992 to provide financial and technical aid to states for the protection of free-ranging population of wild Asian elephants. This centrally sponsored scheme aims to ensure long-term survival of Asian elephants in their natural habitats by protecting them, their habitats and migration corridors.

✅IEA World Energy Outlook (WEO) 2022 report Amid the global energy crisis caused by war in Ukraine, the World Energy Outlook 2022 report was released to provide insights into the implications of this global energy shock. ♻️What is WEO? The WEO is the world’s most comprehensive and authoritative assessment and projection of global energy sector. It is an annual report published by International Energy Agency (IEA) since 1998. It provides comprehensive insights into the global energy supply and demand in different scenarios and their impact on energy security, climate targets and economic development. ♻️ What are the key findings of the 2022 report? ➖ Russia’s invasion has exacerbated the energy crisis that was already triggered by supply disruption caused by the pandemic. ➖ Russia has been the world’s top exporter of fossil fuels. However, its supply curtailments to Europe and European sanctions on imports of oil and coals from Russia have increased energy prices significantly. ➖ While all fuels are effected by the Ukrainian crisis, gas markets are the main victims since Russia is looking to take advantage of its market position by exposing consumers to high energy bills and supply shortages. ➖ Natural gas prices have reached unprecedented levels. They are consistently exceeding the equivalent of USD 250 per barrel of oil. ➖ Coal prices have also reached unprecedented levels and price of oil was higher than USD 100 per barrel in mid-2022 before decreasing again. ➖ The energy crisis caused by Ukrainian conflict has created a risk of recession. ➖ It enabled fossil fuel producers to record a 2 trillion USD windfall above their 2021 net income. ➖ High energy prices has also worsened food insecurity in many developing countries. ➖ Around 75 million people who have recently gained access to electricity will be unable to pay their energy bills. This means that, for the first time since the IEA started tracking energy access, the total number of people lacking electricity access is increasing. ➖ Over 100 million people are likely to increase their dependence on firewood for cooking instead of adopting cleaner and safer solutions. ➖ Though some have blamed climate policies and net zero commitments to the increase in energy prices, there is no evidence to support this. ➖ In most affected regions, higher shares of renewable energy sources reduced the energy prices significantly. It also eased access to electrified homes for many.