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📌 वचन एवं नारे — संबंधित व्यक्ति ✍️ इन्कलाब जिन्दाबाद — हसरत मोहानी ✍️ दिल्ली चलो — सुभाष चन्द्र बोस ✍️ करो या मरो , हे राम, भारत छोड़ो — महात्मा गाँधी ✍️ जय हिन्द — सुभाष चन्द्र बोस ✍️ पूर्ण स्वराज्य, आराम हराम है — जवाहरलाल नेहरू ✍️ वेदों की ओर लौटो — दयानन्द सरस्वती 📌 Quotes and Slogan — Associated Person ✍️ Inqilab Zindabad — Hasrat Mohani ✍️ Dilli Chalo — Subhash Chandra Bose ✍️ 'Do or die' (Karo Ya Maro) Hey Rama, Quit India — Mahatma Gandhi ✍️ Jai Hind — Subhash Chandra Bose ✍️ Purna Swaraj , Araam Haraam hai — Jawaharlal Nehru ✍️ Get Back to the Vedas — Dayanand Saraswati

💠 DRAFTING COMMITTEE ◾️ Among all the committees of the Constituent Assembly, the most important committee was the Drafting Committee set up on 29 August 1947 🔻This consisted of seven members They were -- 🔷 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (Chairman) 🔷 N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar 🔷 Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar 🔷 Dr. K.M. Munshi 🔷 Syed Mohammad Saadullah 🔷 N. Madhava Rau (He replaced B.L. Mitter who resigned due to ill-health) 🔷 T.T. Krishnamachari (He replaced D.P. Khaitan who died in 1948)

📌 इतिहास में हुए कुछ महत्वपूर्ण युद्ध एवं वर्ष 💁🏻‍♀ युद्ध/लड़ाई — ✍ वर्ष ✍️ तराइन का प्रथम युद्ध —1191 ई. ✍️ तराइन का द्वितीय युद्ध — 1192 ई. ✍️ चन्दावर का युद्ध — 1194 ई. ✍️ पानीपत की पहली लड़ाई — 1526 ई. ✍️ खानवा का युद्ध — 1527 ई . ✍️ चन्देरी का युद्ध — 1528 ई. ✍️ घाघरा का युद्ध — 1529 ई ✍️ चौसा का युद्ध — 1539 ई. ✍️ कन्नौज का युद्ध — 1540 ई. ✍️ पानीपत की दूसरी लड़ाई — 1556 ई. ✍️ पानीपत का तृतीय युद्ध — 1761 ई. 📌 Important wars and years in history 💁🏻‍♀ War/Battle — ✍ Year ✍️ First Battle of Tarain — 1191 AD ✍️ Second Battle of Tarain — 1192 AD ✍️ Battle of Chandawar — 1194 AD ✍️ First Battle of Panipat — 1526 AD ✍️ Battle of Khanwa — 1527 AD ✍️ Battle of Chanderi — 1528 AD ✍️ Battle of Ghaghra — 1529 AD ✍️ Battle of Chausa — 1539 AD ✍️ Battle of Kannauj — 1540 AD ✍️ Second Battle of Panipat — 1556 AD ✍️ Third Battle of Panipat — 1761 AD

🔺️ PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT. 1. The Constitution of India provides for a parliamentary form of government, both at the Centre and in the states. 2. Articles 74 and 75 deal with the parliamentary system at the Centre and Articles 163 and 164 in the states. 3. The parliamentary system of government is the one in which the executive is responsible to the legislature for its policies and acts. 4. The parliamentary government is also known as cabinet government or responsible government or Westminster model of government and is prevalent in Britain, Japan, Canada, India among others. 5. Ivor Jennings called the parliamentary system as ‘cabinet system’ because the cabinet is the nucleus of power in a parliamentary system. 6. The parliamentary government is also known as ‘responsible government’ as the cabinet (the real executive) is accountable to the Parliament and stays in office so long as it enjoys the latter’s Confidence. ▪︎SOURCE - M. Laxmikanth.

From the various judgements, the following have emerged as ‘basic features’ of the Constitution or elements of the ‘basic structure’ of the constitution :- 1. Supremacy of the Constitution 2. Sovereign, democratic and republican nature of the Indian polity 3. Secular character of the Constitution 4. Separation of powers between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary 5. Federal character of the Constitution 6. Unity and integrity of the nation 7. Welfare state (socio-economic justice) 8. Judicial review 9. Freedom and dignity of the individual 10. Parliamentary system 11. Rule of law 12. Harmony and balance between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles 13. Principle of equality 14. Free and fair elections 15. Independence of Judiciary 16. Limited power of Parliament to amend the Constitution 17. Effective access to justice 18. Principles (or essence) underlying fundamental rights 19. Powers of SC under Articles 32, 136, 141 and 142 20. Powers of HC under Articles 226 and 227

🔺️ EVOLUTION OF BASIC STRUCTURE OF CONSTITUTION. [ PART 3 ] #Basicstructure 1. 42nd AMENDMENT • The Parliament reacted to this judicially innovated doctrine of ‘basic structure’ by enacting the 42nd Amendment Act (1976). • This Act amended Article 368 and declared that there is no limitation on the constituent power of Parliament and no amendment can be questioned in any court on any ground including that of the contravention of any of the Fundamental Rights. 2. MINERVA MILL CASE. • The Supreme Court in the Minerva Mills case (1980) invalidated this provision as it excluded judicial review which is a ‘basic feature’ of the Constitution. Applying the doctrine of ‘basic structure’ with respect to Article 368.