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帖子存档
'India of My Dreams' book is the collection of whose speeches and notes?
'इंडिया ऑफ़ माय ड्रीम्स' पुस्तक किसके भाषणों एवं टिप्पणियों का संग्रह है ?
As a reaction to Rowlatt Act, ____ was organised as National Humiliation Day.
रौलट एक्ट की प्रतिक्रिया के रूप में, _____ को राष्ट्रीय अपमान दिवस के रूप में आयोजित किया गया था।
Which of the following was the most important characteristic of India's trade throughout the colonial period?
निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा औपनिवेशिक काल में भारत के व्यापार की सबसे महत्वपूर्ण विशेषता थी?
![🔺️ EVOLUTION OF BASIC STRUCTURE OF CONSTITUTION. [ PART 2 ] #Basicstructure 1. 24th AMENDMENT OF CONSTITUTION. • The Parliam](https://cdn.tlmtr.io/_next/static/media/empty-channel.35ed232f.svg)
+1🔺️ EVOLUTION OF BASIC STRUCTURE OF CONSTITUTION. [ PART 2 ]
#Basicstructure
1. 24th AMENDMENT OF CONSTITUTION.
• The Parliament reacted to the Supreme Court’s judgement in the Golak Nath case (1967) by enacting the 24th Amendment Act (1971). This Act amended Articles 13 and 368.
• It declared that the Parliament has the power to abridge or take away any of the Fundamental Rights under Article 368 and such an act will not be a law under the meaning of Article 13.
2. KESAVANANDA BHARATI CASE.
• In the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), the Supreme Court overruled its judgement in the Golak Nath case
(1967). It upheld the validity of the 24th Amendment Act (1971) and stated that Parliament is empowered to abridge or take away any of the Fundamental Rights.
• At the same time, it laid down new doctrine of the ‘basic structure’ of the Constitution. It ruled that the constituent power of Parliament under Article 368 does not enable it to alter the ‘basic structure’ of the Constitution.
+1🔺️ EVOLUTION OF BASIC STRUCTURE OF CONSTITUTION. [PART 1]
#Basicstructuredoctrine
1. Shankari Prasad case (1951)
• The constitutional validity of the First Amendment Act (1951), which curtailed the right to property, was challenged.
• The Supreme Court ruled that the power of the Parliament to amend the Constitution under Article 368 also includes the power to amend Fundamental Rights.
2. Golak Nath case (1967)
• The Supreme Court reversed its earlier stand. In that case, the constitutional validity of the Seventeenth Amendment Act (1964), which inserted certain state acts in the Ninth Schedule, was challenged.
• The Supreme Court ruled that the Fundamental Rights are given a
‘transcendental and immutable’ position and hence, the Parliament cannot abridge or take away any of these rights.
🔺️ AMENDMENT OF CONSTITUTION.
#Constitutionamendment
1. Constitution provides for its amendment in order to adjust itself to the changing conditions and needs.
2. Procedure laid down for its amendment is neither as easy as in Britain nor as difficult as in USA. In other words, the Indian Constitution is neither flexible nor rigid but a synthesis of both.
3. Article 368 in Part XX of the Constitution deals with the powers of Parliament to amend the Constitution and its procedure.
4. It states that the Parliament may, in exercise of its constituent power, amend by way of addition, variation or repeal any provision of the Constitution in accordance with the procedure laid down for the purpose.
5. However, the Parliament cannot amend those provisions which form the ‘basic structure’ of the Constitution. This was ruled by the Supreme Court in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973).
▪︎SOURCE - M. Laxmikanth
🔺️ AMENDMENT BY SPECIAL MAJORITY.
#Amendmentofconstitution
1. The majority of the provisions in the Constitution need to be amended by a special majority of the Parliament, that is, a majority of the total membership of each House and a majority of two-thirds of the members of each House present and voting.
2. The expression ‘total membership’ means the total number of members comprising the House irrespective of fact whether there are vacancies or absentees.
3. The provisions which can be amended by this way includes:
(i) Fundamental Rights;
(ii) Directive Principles of State Policy; and
(iii) All other provisions which are not covered by the first and third categories.
▪︎SOURCE - M. Laxmikanth.
🔺️ AMENDMENT BY SIMPLE MAJORITY.
#Amendmentofconstitution
A number of provisions in the Constitution can be amended by a simple majority of the two Houses of Parliament outside the scope of Article 368. These provisions include:-
1. Admission or establishment of new states.
2. Formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing states.
3. Abolition or creation of legislative councils in states.
4. Second Schedule–emoluments, allowances, privileges and so on of the president, the governors, the Speakers, judges, etc.
5. Quorum in Parliament.
6. Salaries and allowances of the members of Parliament.
7. Rules of procedure in Parliament.
8. Privileges of the Parliament, its members and its committees.
9. Use of English language in Parliament.
10. Number of puisne judges in the Supreme Court.
11. Conferment of more jurisdiction on the Supreme Court.
12. Use of official language.
13. Citizenship–acquisition and termination.
14. Elections to Parliament and state legislatures.
15. Delimitation of constituencies.
16. Union territories.
17. Fifth Schedule–administration of scheduled areas and scheduled tribes.
18. Sixth Schedule–administration of tribal areas.
▪︎SOURCE - M. Laxmikanth.
🔺️ AMENDMENT OF CONSTITUTION.
#Constitutionamendment
1. Constitution provides for its amendment in order to adjust itself to the changing conditions and needs.
2. Procedure laid down for its amendment is neither as easy as in Britain nor as difficult as in USA. In other words, the Indian Constitution is neither flexible nor rigid but a synthesis of both.
3. Article 368 in Part XX of the Constitution deals with the powers of Parliament to amend the Constitution and its procedure.
4. It states that the Parliament may, in exercise of its constituent power, amend by way of addition, variation or repeal any provision of the Constitution in accordance with the procedure laid down for the purpose.
5. However, the Parliament cannot amend those provisions which form the ‘basic structure’ of the Constitution. This was ruled by the Supreme Court in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973).
▪︎SOURCE - M. Laxmikanth
🔺️ VERMA COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS.
It observed the existence of legal provisions for the implementation of some of the Fundamental Duties.
They are mentioned below :-
1. The Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act (1971) prevents disrespect to the Constitution of India, the National Flag and the National Anthem.
2. Various criminal laws in force provide for punishments for encouraging enmity between different sections of people.
3. The Protection of Civil Rights Act (1955) provides for punishments for offences related to caste and religion.
4. The Indian Penal Code (IPC) declares the imputations and assertions prejudicial to national integration as punishable offences.
5. The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of 1967 declared communal organisation as unlawful association.
6. The Representation of People Act (1951) provides for the disqualification of corrupt members.
7. The Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972.
8. The Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980 checks indiscriminate deforestation.
Repost from APSC Assam Police GK ADRE DEE Teaching
☑️ Current Affairs related to Exams ✓
#One_Liner_Special ✅
📖 08 January 2022
01. Which bank has launched the 'Jahan Bandhan, Vahan Trust' campaign? - Bandhan Bank
02. The Chief Minister of which state has started 'Didir Suraksha Kavach Abhiyan'? - West Bengal
03. Which state has signed a Rs 2275 crore agreement with ADB to improve power distribution network? - Tripura
04. Which state has recorded the highest unemployment in December 2022? - Haryana
05. In which state the Indian Library Congress has been inaugurated? - Kerala
06. Which state government has announced its highest civilian awards for 2022-23? - Assam
07. Which state government inaugurated 26 schemes worth Rs 306 crore? - Uttarakhand
08. Which state government has announced to give 6 thousand rupees for having a second daughter? - MP Govt
09. Which state government has decided to give chicken and fruits to the children in the mid-day meal? - West Bengal
10. Which state government has launched Mukhyamantri Sukhashraya Sahayata? - Gujarat
11. Who has written the new book 'Breaking Barriers'? - Aunt Madhav Rao
12. Kuldeep Singh Pathania has been appointed as the next speaker of which state assembly? - Himachal Pradesh
13. The central government signed a peace deal with which insurgent group of Manipur in December 2022? - Zeliangrong United Front (ZUF)
14. Where has Union Home Minister Amit Shah inaugurated the 120 feet tall 'Polo Statue'? - Manipur
15. In which state Union Road Transport and Highways Minister Nitin Gadkari inaugurated India's second longest eight-lane cable bridge over Zuari river? - Goa
16. According to the Central Statistical Organization (NSO), the economic growth rate is estimated to be what percent in 2022-23? - seven percent.
☑️ परीक्षा से संबंधित कर्रेंट अफेयर्स ✓
#One_Liner_Special ✅
📖 08 जनवरी 2022
01. किस बैंक ने ‘जहाँ बंधन, वहां ट्रस्ट’ अभियान शुरू किया है? - बंधन बैंक
02. किस राज्य के मुख्यमंत्री में ‘दीदीर सुरक्षा कवच अभियान’ शुरू किया है? - पश्चिम बंगाल
03. किस राज्य ने बिजली वितरण नेटवर्क में सुधार के लिए ADB के साथ 2275 करोड़ रुपये के समझौते पर हस्ताक्षर किये हैं? - त्रिपुरा
04. किस राज्य में दिसंबर 2022 में सबसे अधिक बेरोजगारी दर्ज की गयी है? - हरियाणा
05. किस राज्य में भारतीय पुस्तकालय कांग्रेस का उद्घाटन किया गया है? - केरल
06. किस राज्य सरकार ने 2022-23 के लिए अपने सर्वोच्च नागरिक पुरुस्कारों की घोषणा की है? - असम
07. किस राज्य सरकार ने 306 करोड़ रुपये की 26 योजनाओं का उद्घाटन किया? - उत्तराखंड
08. किस राज्य सरकार ने दूसरी बेटी होने पर 6 हजार रुपए देने की घोषणा की है? - एमपी सरकार
09. किस राज्य सरकार ने मिड डे मील में बच्चों के लिए चिकन और फल देने का फैसला लिया है? - पश्चिम बंगाल
10. किस राज्य सरकार ने मुख्यमंत्री सुखाश्रय सहायता लांच किया है? - गुजरात
11. किसने नई किताब ‘ब्रेकिंग बैरियर लिखी है? - काकी माधव राव
12. कुलदीप सिंह पठानिया किस राज्य की विधानसभा के अगले स्पीकर नियुक्त हुए हैं? - हिमाचल प्रदेश
13. केंद्र सरकार ने दिसंबर 2022 में मणिपुर के किस विद्रोही समूह के साथ शांति समझौते पर हस्ताक्षर किए? - जेलियानग्रोंग यूनाइटेड फ्रंट (ZUF)
14. केंद्रीय गृह मंत्री अमित शाह ने 120 फ़ीट ऊँची ‘पोलो प्रतिमा’ का उद्धघाटन ककहां किया है? - मणिपुर
15. केंद्रीय सड़क परिवहन एवं राजमार्ग मंत्री नितिन गडकरी ने किस राज्य में भारत का दूसरा सबसे लंबा आठ लेन केबल ब्रिज का जुआरी नदी पर उद्घाटन किया? - गोवा
16. केन्द्रीय सांख्यिकीय संगठन (एनएसओ) अनुसार 2022-23 में आर्थिक वृद्धि दर कितने प्रतिशत रहने का अनुमान है? - सात प्रतिशत
🔺️ CRITICISM OF FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES.
#Fundamentalduties
1. The list of duties is not exhaustive as it does not cover other important duties like casting vote, paying taxes, family planning and so on.
2. Some of the duties are vague, ambiguous and difficult to be understood by the common man.
3. They have been described by the critics as a code of moral precepts due to their non-justiciable character.
4. Their inclusion in the Constitution was described by the critics as superfluous because the duties included in the Constitution as fundamental would be performed by the people even though they were not incorporated in the Constitution.
5. The critics said that the inclusion of fundamental duties as an appendage to Part IV of the Constitution has reduced their value and significance.
▪︎M. Laxmikanth
🔺️ FEATURES OF FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
#Fundamentalduties
1. Some of them are moral duties while others are civic duties.
For instance, cherishing noble ideals of freedom struggle is a moral precept and respecting the Constitution, National Flag and National Anthem is a civic duty.
2. They refer to such values which have been a part of the Indian tradition, mythology, religions and practices.
3. Fundamental Duties are confined to citizens only and do not extend to
foreigners.
4. Fundamental duties are non-justiciable. The Constitution does not provide for their direct enforcement by the courts.
▪︎SOURCE - M. Laxmikanth
🔺️ SIGNIFICANCE OF FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES.
#Fundamentalduties
1. They serve as a reminder to the citizens that while enjoying their rights, they should also be conscious of duties they owe to their country, their society and to their fellow citizens.
2. They serve as a warning against the anti-national and anti-social activities like burning the national flag, destroying public property and so on.
3. They serve as a source of inspiration for the citizens and promote a sense of discipline and commitment among them.
4. They help the courts in examining and determining the constitutional validity of a law.
5. They are enforceable by law. Hence, the Parliament can provide for the imposition of appropriate penalty or punishment for failure to fulfil any of them.
▪︎SOURCE - M. Laxmikanth.
Which event led to the termination of Non-Cooperation Khilafat Movement by Gandhiji? कौन सी घटना गांधी जी के द्वारा असहयोग खिलाफत आंदोलन के अंत की वजह बनी ?
Mahatma Gandhi formed the Natal Indian Congress in the year___
महात्मा गांधी ने वर्ष______ में नटाल भारतीय कांग्रेस का गठन किया।
The Act that transferred the power from the British East India Company to the British Crown in India was:
वह अधिनियम जिसने ब्रिटिश ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी से भारत में ब्रिटिश क्राउन को सत्ता हस्तांतरित की:
In pre-independent India, the British moved the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi in स्वतंत्रता पूर्व भारत में अंग्रेजों ने में भारत की राजधानी कलकत्ता से स्थानांतरित करके दिल्ली कर दी थी
In which year the administration of India was transferred into the hands of the British Monarch by the Proclamation of Queen Victoria? किस वर्ष भारत का प्रशासन महारानी विक्टोरिया की घोषणा के द्वारा ब्रिटिश सम्राट के हाथों में सौंप दिया गया था ?
Hindi - Complete 1 year Current Affairs by Dr Gaurav Garg - January to December 2022A
#current_affairs
