UPSC Optional Notes

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*🛡️Mineral and Energy Resources – Key Points* *♟️Mineral resources*- Metallic & Non-metallic *♟️Metallic*- Ferrous (iron ore) & Non-ferrous (copper) *♟️Non-metallic*- Organic (coal, petroleum) & Inorganic (mica, limestone) *♟️Exploration by*- GSI, IBM, & State Departments *💎Mineral Belts in India* *♟️1. North-Eastern*- iron ore, coal, bauxite *♟️2. South-Western*- ferrous metals, bauxite *♟️3. North-Western*- copper, building stones *♟️Odisha*- largest iron ore & bauxite producer *♟️Madhya Pradesh & Odisha*- major manganese producers *♟️Andhra Pradesh*- largest mica producer *♟️Jharkhand*- highest coal reserves *♟️Chhattisgarh*- top coal producer *♟️Rajasthan*- top petroleum producer *♟️Uranium & Thorium*- vital for nuclear energy *♟️Renewables*- solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas

*🛡️Directive Principles Of State policy DPSP* ♟️The constitution of India aims to establish not only political democracy but also socioeconomic justice to the people to establish a welfare state. ♟️These provisions are given in Part IV of Indian Constitution. ♟️Directive Principles of state policy are in the form of instructions to the governments at the centre as well as states. ♟️Though these principles are non justiciable, they are fundamental in the governance of the country. ♟️The idea of the Directive Principles of State Policy has been taken from the Irish Republic . ♟️The Directive Principles of State policy were incorporated in our constitution in order to provide economic justice and to avoid concentration of wealth in the hands of few people. ♟️The constitution covers from Article 36 to 51 as Directive Principles of State Policy. ♟️They are unique blend of socialistic, liberal, democratic and Gandhian Principles. ♟️They describe as the ‘conscience of the constitution’. ♟️In the “State of Tamil Nadu etc. Vs L.Abu Kavur Bai” case in 1984 , the Supreme court held that although directive principles of State Policy are not enforceable, yet the court should not avoid them.

*🛡️Cultural Significance of Vijayanagara Empire [14th–16th c.]* *💎Religious Pluralism* ♟️Patronized Shaiva & Vaishnava sects, Dvaita & Advaita schools. ♟️Boosted Bhakti movement, with temples as centres of devotion. ♟️Encouraged coexistence of Muslims & Christians. *💎Cultural Revival & Architecture* ♟️Preserved indigenous traditions, commentaries on Vedas. ♟️Built magnificent temples & palaces blending Chalukya, Hoysala, Pandya & Chola styles. ♟️Examples: Virupaksha, Vittala, Hazara Rama Temples (Hampi). *💎Sculpture & Painting* ♟️Bronze & stone sculptures with royal, religious & mythological themes. ♟️Murals (e.g., Lepakshi) depicting Hindu mythology. *💎Literature & Music* ♟️Patronized works in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, Sanskrit (e.g., Tenali Raman, Krishnadevaraya). ♟️Haridasa tradition infused Bhakti into Carnatic music. *💎Dance* ♟️Innovation in Devadasi Nritya (Bharatanatyam) & early Kuchipudi. ♟️Temple sculptures depict dance poses & mudras.

*India’s Defence Budget 2026–27: Strengthening Security & Self-Reliance 🇮🇳* 🌟 *Key Highlights* 🌟 🛡️ Historic Allocation: *₹7.85 lakh crore defence budget* , highest among all ministries and around 15% higher than 2025. 🚀 Future-Ready Armed Forces: *Over ₹2.19 lakh crore* allocated for modern fighter aircraft, ships, submarines, drones and advanced technologies. 🇮🇳 Boost to Indigenous Industry: *₹1.39 lakh crore reserved for domestic procurement* , with 75% capital acquisition earmarked for Indian manufacturers. 🔬 Innovation Push: *DRDO funding increased to ₹29,100.25 crore* , strengthening defence research and development. 👨‍✈️ Veterans First: *₹12,100 crore* allocated to ECHS and pensions supporting *over 34 lakh pensioners.* 🏗️ Strategic Infrastructure: *₹7,394 crore for BRO* to expand roads, tunnels, bridges and airfields.

*🛡️International Labour Organization* ♟️It is an United Nations Agency established in 1919 as part of the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I, and it became the first specialized agency of the UN in 1946. ♟️It has 187 Member states. ♟️It sets labour standards, develops policies and devises programmes promoting decent work for all women and men. ♟️It is the only tripartite U.N. agency that brings together governments, employers and workers. ♟️It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. *💎Major Reports* ♟️World Employment and Social Outlook (WESO), ♟️Global Wage Report, ♟️World Social Protection Report, ♟️World Employment and Social Outlook for Youth, ♟️World of Work Report.

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