UPSC Optional Notes

*🛡️Dibru-Saikhowa National Park* ♟️DSNP is a national park in Assam located in Dibrugarh and Tinsukia districts. ♟️It was designated a Biosphere Reserve in July 1997 with an area of 765 sq. km. ♟️The park is bounded by the Brahmaputra and Lohit Rivers in the north and the Dibru river in the south. ♟️It mainly consists of moist mixed semi-evergreen forests, moist mixed deciduous forests, canebrakes, and grasslands. ♟️It is the largest Salix swamp forest in north-eastern India, with a tropical monsoon climate with a hot and wet summer and cool and usually dry winter.

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✅ India’s Nuclear Energy Vision 🇮🇳 Target: 100 GW Installed Nuclear Capacity by 2047. ⚡ Current Installed Capacity: ~8.8 GW 📈 Growth: ~71% increase since 2014 🔹 Part of India’s long-term clean energy & energy security strategy 🔹 Supports Net-Zero by 2070 commitment.

🇮🇳 India’s First Sovereign Artificial Intelligence Park 🔹 State: Tamil Nadu 🔹 MoU Signed: January 2026 🔹 Partner: Sarvam AI 🔹 Location: Chennai 🔹 Investment: ₹10,000 crore ✅ Key Feature: India’s first Sovereign AI Park Conceptualised as a “Full-Stack AI District”

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*📊 *Economic Survey 2025-26* India transitions towards a high-growth and resilient economy* *Key Takeaways* 📈 *Real GDP growth for FY27 projected in the range of 6.8-7.2%* ❄️ *Inflation* fell to historic lows, averaging *1.7% in Apr-Dec 2025* 🏭 *All major sectors contributed to growth* , with manufacturing gaining momentum, and services leading expansion 🌍 *Record exports of USD 825.3 billion in FY25* , registering a 6.1% year-on-year growth 💰*Fiscal position strengthened* , with improved revenue buoyancy and rising capital expenditure 📊Monetary conditions supportive; *Repo rate at 5.25% in December 2025*

*🛡️Mineral and Energy Resources – Key Points* *♟️Mineral resources*- Metallic & Non-metallic *♟️Metallic*- Ferrous (iron ore) & Non-ferrous (copper) *♟️Non-metallic*- Organic (coal, petroleum) & Inorganic (mica, limestone) *♟️Exploration by*- GSI, IBM, & State Departments *💎Mineral Belts in India* *♟️1. North-Eastern*- iron ore, coal, bauxite *♟️2. South-Western*- ferrous metals, bauxite *♟️3. North-Western*- copper, building stones *♟️Odisha*- largest iron ore & bauxite producer *♟️Madhya Pradesh & Odisha*- major manganese producers *♟️Andhra Pradesh*- largest mica producer *♟️Jharkhand*- highest coal reserves *♟️Chhattisgarh*- top coal producer *♟️Rajasthan*- top petroleum producer *♟️Uranium & Thorium*- vital for nuclear energy *♟️Renewables*- solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas

*🛡️Dead Sea* ♟️The Dead Sea, also known as the Salt Sea, is a saline lake in southwestern Asialocated between Jordan and Israel. ♟️It lies to the east of the Mediterranean Sea and south of the Sea of Galilee. ♟️It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary is the Jordan River. ♟️It is deepest Hypersaline Lake in the world. ♟️To the west of the Dead Sea, the Judaean Mountains rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the East. ♟️It is located at an elevation of 5 meters below sea level, making it the Earth’s lowest land-based feature. ♟️ *Salinity* The Dead Sea is one of the Earth’s saltiest water bodies, almost ten times saltier than ordinary seawaters. It has a salinity of 34.2%. ♟️It is the fourth saltiest body of water in the world, ranking behind Antarctica’s Don Juan Pond and Lake Vanda, and Djibouti’s Lake Assal. ♟️The Dead Sea has one main inlet (the Jordan River) but does not have an outlet and so loses its water mainly through evaporation. ♟️The high saline level and the harsh climate make the lake devoid of life, except for algae and other microorganisms. ♟️It has a density of 1.240 kg/L, which makes swimming in its waters similar to floating.

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