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https://www.instagram.com/rn_study_buddy?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&igsh=ODdmZWVhMTFiMw== Lucifer Morningstar: You have no one to blame but yourself for who you are. 🔥 Responsibility makes u bitter or better 😉 https://t.me/+RCFKLPOsV4BiOGM9
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频道帖子
| 2 |  📌 Hypercalcemia – Causes Made Easy (CHIMPANZEES)
🦍 Mnemonic: CHIMPANZEES
C – Calcium supplementation
H – Hyperparathyroidism (most common outpatient cause)
I – Iatrogenic causes; Immobilization
M – Multiple myeloma; Milk-alkali syndrome
P – Parathyroid hyperplasia
A – Alcohol-related causes
N – Neoplasms (most common inpatient cause)
Z – Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
E – Excess Vitamin D
E – Excess Vitamin A
S – Sarcoidosis
💡 Quick Clinical Pearls
🔹 Hyperparathyroidism and malignancy account for most cases of hypercalcemia.
🔹 Classic symptoms:
"Stones, Bones, Groans, Thrones & Psychiatric Overtones"
🪨 Kidney stones
🦴 Bone pain
🤢 Abdominal pain, constipation
🚽 Polyuria (frequent urination)
🧠 Confusion, depression, lethargy
🔹 ECG finding: Shortened QT interval ❤️
🔹 Emergency treatment:
IV normal saline 💧
Calcitonin 🩺
Bisphosphonates (e.g., Zoledronic acid) 💉
📚 Exam Tip:
When a question mentions high calcium + bone pain + anemia + renal failure, think Multiple Myeloma first. | 190 |
| 3 | Hyperglycemic Crises in Adults With Diabetes: A Consensus Report | 252 |
| 4 |  CVA | 293 |
| 5 |  🧠 Bell’s Palsy or Stroke? Don’t get fooled on exams! | 291 |
| 6 |  Brain hemorrhage | 225 |
| 7 | ❇️ Common Headache Types
▶️ Stress Headache (Tension-type) → Pain forms a tight band around the forehead and back of the head
→ Dull, aching sensation
→ Often triggered by stress, poor posture, or fatigue
▶️ Migraine → Intense, throbbing pain on one side of the head
→ Often associated with nausea, sensitivity to light/sound
→ Can have visual auras before the headache starts
▶️ Hypertension Headache → Pain usually at the back of the head or neck
→ Often pulsating and occurs during high blood pressure spikes
→ May worsen with physical activity
▶️ Cluster Headache → Severe pain around one eye
→ Occurs in clusters (repeated over weeks/months)
→ May cause tearing, nasal congestion on the same side
▶️ Sinus Headache → Pain and pressure around the forehead, cheeks, and nose
→ Often worsens with movement or bending down
→ Usually accompanied by sinus infection symptoms (e.g., nasal congestion)
▶️ Post-Traumatic Headache → Develops after a head injury
→ Pain can be localized or widespread
→ May be accompanied by dizziness or memory issues
▶️ TMJ Headache → Pain near the temples or jaw joint
→ Associated with jaw clenching, grinding, or TMJ disorder
→ Can radiate to ear or neck
▶️ Exertion Headache → Triggered by physical activity (exercise, coughing, sex)
→ Throbbing pain often at the front or sides of the head
→ Usually short-lasting but intense
▶️ Thunderclap Headache → Sudden, severe headache that reaches peak intensity within seconds
→ Medical emergency—can indicate bleeding in the brain or aneurysm
→ Requires immediate medical attention | 209 |
| 8 |  没有文字... | 129 |
| 9 |  没有文字... | 138 |
| 10 |  没有文字... | 144 |
| 11 | 🧠 Parkinson’s vs Huntington’s — Know the Difference
⸻
1️⃣ Parkinson’s Disease
🔸 Mnemonic: TRAP
• Tremor → resting (“pill-rolling”)
• Rigidity → cogwheel
• Akinesia / Bradykinesia
• Postural instability
🔸 Other features:
• Masked (expressionless) face
• Shuffling gait with reduced arm swing
• Micrographia, hypophonia
🧩 Pathology: Degeneration of Substantia Nigra → ↓ Dopamine
🧬 Genetics: Usually sporadic. Rare familial forms → SNCA, PARK2
⸻
2️⃣ Huntington’s Disease
🔸 The triad: CHOREA + COGNITION + PSYCHIATRIC
• Chorea → involuntary jerky, dance-like movements
• Dementia → personality changes, cognitive decline
• Psychiatric → depression, psychosis, impulsivity
🔸 Onset: Typically 30–50 years old
• Younger onset = more severe (anticipation!)
🧩 Pathology: Degeneration of Caudate Nucleus → loss of GABA neurons
🧬 Genetics: Autosomal Dominant — CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion on chromosome 4
⸻
3️⃣ Head-to-Head Comparison
➊ Movement type
• Parkinson’s → TOO LITTLE movement (hypokinesia)
• Huntington’s → TOO MUCH movement (hyperkinesia)
➋ Pathology
• Parkinson’s → Substantia Nigra (↓ Dopamine)
• Huntington’s → Caudate Nucleus (↓ GABA)
➌ Genetics
• Parkinson’s → mostly sporadic
• Huntington’s → always autosomal dominant, 100% penetrance
➍ Treatment
• Parkinson’s → Levodopa/Carbidopa (replace dopamine)
• Huntington’s → Tetrabenazine for chorea (no disease-modifying therapy)
⸻
⚠️ Exam Pearl
🔹 Huntington’s shows ANTICIPATION — each generation presents earlier and more severely
🔹 If you see choreiform movements + psychiatric symptoms in a young adult → think Huntington’s first
⸻
📚 Master movement disorders and all of neurology in our high-yield neurology book:
🔗 www.mediconotes.com
⸻
#Parkinsons #Huntingtons #Neurology #MovementDisorders #MedicalEducation | 146 |
| 12 |  没有文字... | 121 |
| 13 |  +9MS Facts! | 183 |
| 14 |  Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Autoimmune Demyelination, Types, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Long-Term Management
#MultipleSclerosis #MSAwareness #Neurology #DemyelinatingDisease | 124 |
| 15 |  Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS): Pathophysiology, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Management
#GuillainBarreSyndrome #GBS #Neurology
#MedicalEducation #VikaasShandily | 126 |
| 16 |  Motor neuron lesions refer to damage in the nerve cells that control muscle movement, categorized into upper motor neuron lesions and lower motor neuron lesions.
#physicaltherapy #Physiotherapy #Rehabilitation #neuroscience #neurology | 121 |
