Core data science concepts you should know:
🔢 1. Statistics & Probability
Descriptive statistics: Mean, median, mode, standard deviation, variance
Inferential statistics: Hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, p-values, t-tests, ANOVA
Probability distributions: Normal, Binomial, Poisson, Uniform
Bayes' Theorem
Central Limit Theorem
📊 2. Data Wrangling & Cleaning
Handling missing values
Outlier detection and treatment
Data transformation (scaling, encoding, normalization)
Feature engineering
Dealing with imbalanced data
📈 3. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)
Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis
Correlation and covariance
Data visualization tools: Matplotlib, Seaborn, Plotly
Insights generation through visual storytelling
🤖 4. Machine Learning Fundamentals
Supervised Learning: Linear regression, logistic regression, decision trees, SVM, k-NN
Unsupervised Learning: K-means, hierarchical clustering, PCA
Model evaluation: Accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, ROC-AUC
Cross-validation and overfitting/underfitting
Bias-variance tradeoff
🧠 5. Deep Learning (Basics)
Neural networks: Perceptron, MLP
Activation functions (ReLU, Sigmoid, Tanh)
Backpropagation
Gradient descent and learning rate
CNNs and RNNs (intro level)
🗃️ 6. Data Structures & Algorithms (DSA)
Arrays, lists, dictionaries, sets
Sorting and searching algorithms
Time and space complexity (Big-O notation)
Common problems: string manipulation, matrix operations, recursion
💾 7. SQL & Databases
SELECT, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING
JOINS (inner, left, right, full)
Subqueries and CTEs
Window functions
Indexing and normalization
📦 8. Tools & Libraries
Python: pandas, NumPy, scikit-learn, TensorFlow, PyTorch
R: dplyr, ggplot2, caret
Jupyter Notebooks for experimentation
Git and GitHub for version control
🧪 9. A/B Testing & Experimentation
Control vs. treatment group
Hypothesis formulation
Significance level, p-value interpretation
Power analysis
🌐 10. Business Acumen & Storytelling
Translating data insights into business value
Crafting narratives with data
Building dashboards (Power BI, Tableau)
Knowing KPIs and business metrics
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