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*OPTION P101* *JUPEB BIOLOGY* *NUMBER EIGHT* (8a) (PICK ANY SIX) (i) They are triploblastic animals. (ii) They are bilaterally symmetrical. (iii) They are segmented, with the body divided into repeated segments. (iv) They are coelomate animals. (v) They have a complete digestive system with a mouth and anus. (vi) They possess a closed circulatory system. (vii) Respiration occurs mainly through the skin or gills. (viii) They have a well-developed nervous system with a brain and ventral nerve cord. (ix) Most possess setae (bristles) for movement, although these are absent in leeches. (x) They reproduce mainly by sexual reproduction, and some species are hermaphroditic. (8b) Check the image below (8c) (PICK ANY FOUR) (i) Pollination: Insects such as bees and butterflies pollinate crops and other plants. (ii) Honey production: Honeybees produce honey for human consumption. (iii) Wax production: Bees produce beeswax, which is used in candles, cosmetics and other products. (iv) Silk production: Silkworms produce silk used in making fabrics. (v) Biological control: Some insects prey on crop pests and help control their populations. (vi) Decomposition: Insects help break down dead plants and animals, returning nutrients to the soil. (vii) Food: Some insects are eaten as a source of protein by humans and animals. (viii) Medicine: Some insect products are used in pharmaceutical and medical applications. (ix) Soil improvement: Burrowing insects such as termites and ants help aerate and mix the soil. (x) Scientific research: Insects such as fruit flies are widely used in biological and genetic research.

*JUPEB BIOLOGY* FIRST TYPE *NUMBER SIX* (6ai) Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower. (6aii) (PICK ANY FOUR) (i) Flowers are usually small and inconspicuous. (ii) Flowers are often without scent. (iii) Flowers produce little or no nectar. (iv) Pollen grains are produced in large quantities. (v) Pollen grains are small, light and dry. (vi) Pollen grains are often smooth or non-sticky. (vii) Anthers are usually exposed and hanging outside the flower. (viii) Stigmas are large, feathery and exposed. (ix) Flowers are usually unisexual or have exposed reproductive parts. (x) The flowers are usually brightly coloured less often, since they do not need to attract insects. (6b) (PICK ANY FOUR) (i) Rhizome (ii) Tuber (iii) Bulb (iv) Corm (v) Runner (vi) Stolon (vii) Stem tendril (viii) Stem thorn (ix) Phylloclade (x) Cladode (6ci) Plant regulators are chemical substances produced by plants in small quantities that control and coordinate growth and other physiological activities. Examples: (i) Auxin (ii) Gibberellin (6cii) (i) Hypogeal germination is a type of germination in which the cotyledons remain below the soil surface. (ii) During germination, the radicle emerges first and develops into the primary root, while the plumule grows upward. (iii) The epicotyl elongates and pushes the plumule above the soil, while the cotyledons remain underground and provide food to the developing seedling.

*JUPEB BIOLOGY* FIRST TYPE *NUMBER SEVEN* (7a) (PICK ANY FIVE) (i) Chondrichthyes have a cartilaginous skeleton, while Osteichthyes have a bony skeleton. (ii) Chondrichthyes have placoid scales, while Osteichthyes have cycloid or ctenoid scales. (iii) Chondrichthyes have exposed gill slits, while Osteichthyes have gills covered by an operculum. (iv) Chondrichthyes usually have a ventral mouth, while Osteichthyes usually have a terminal mouth. (v) Chondrichthyes lack a swim bladder, while Osteichthyes usually possess a swim bladder. (vi) Chondrichthyes usually have internal fertilization, while Osteichthyes usually have external fertilization. (vii) Chondrichthyes have a heterocercal tail, while Osteichthyes commonly have a homocercal tail. (viii) Chondrichthyes lack true bone tissue, while Osteichthyes possess true bone tissue. (ix) Chondrichthyes include sharks, rays and skates, while Osteichthyes include tilapia, catfish and tuna. (x) Chondrichthyes have multiple pairs of gill openings, while Osteichthyes have one pair of gill openings covered by the operculum. (7b) (i) Location: Cytoplasm (cytosol). (ii) Net gain: 2 ATP molecules. (7c) (i) Glucose→ Glucose-6-phosphate - catalysed by hexokinase/glucokinase. (ii) Fructose-6-phosphate→Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate - catalysed by phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1). (iii) Phosphoenolpyruvate→ Pyruvate - catalysed by pyruvate kinase.

*JUPEB BIOLOGY* FIRST TYPE *NUMBER SEVEN* (7a) (PICK ANY FIVE) (i) Chondrichthyes have a cartilaginous skeleton, while Osteichthyes have a bony skeleton. (ii) Chondrichthyes have placoid scales, while Osteichthyes have cycloid or ctenoid scales. (iii) Chondrichthyes have exposed gill slits, while Osteichthyes have gills covered by an operculum. (iv) Chondrichthyes usually have a ventral mouth, while Osteichthyes usually have a terminal mouth. (v) Chondrichthyes lack a swim bladder, while Osteichthyes usually possess a swim bladder. (vi) Chondrichthyes usually have internal fertilization, while Osteichthyes usually have external fertilization. (vii) Chondrichthyes have a heterocercal tail, while Osteichthyes commonly have a homocercal tail. (viii) Chondrichthyes lack true bone tissue, while Osteichthyes possess true bone tissue. (ix) Chondrichthyes include sharks, rays and skates, while Osteichthyes include tilapia, catfish and tuna. (x) Chondrichthyes have multiple pairs of gill openings, while Osteichthyes have one pair of gill openings covered by the operculum. (7b) (i) Location: Cytoplasm (cytosol). (ii) Net gain: 2 ATP molecules. (7c) (i) Glucose→ Glucose-6-phosphate - catalysed by hexokinase/glucokinase. (ii) Fructose-6-phosphate→Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate - catalysed by phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1). (iii) Phosphoenolpyruvate→ Pyruvate - catalysed by pyruvate kinase.

1(a) Hess's Law states that the total enthalpy change in a chemical reaction is independent of the route taken from reactants to products, provided the initial and final conditions are the same. Usefulness: It enables calculation of enthalpy changes that cannot be measured directly (e.g. ΔHf of C₂H₆) by combining known enthalpy changes of related reactions. 1(b) Required: 2C(s) + 3H₂(g) → C₂H₆(g), ΔHf = ? ΔHf = [2ΔH₁ + 3ΔH₂] − ΔH₃ = [2(−393.5) + 3(−285.8)] − (−1560.0) = [−787.0 − 857.4] + 1560.0 = −1644.4 + 1560.0 ΔHf(C₂H₆) = −84.4 kJ/mol 1(c) V₁P₁/T₁ = V₂P₂/T₂ (2.50 × 1.00)/300 = (V₂ × 2.00)/450 V₂ = (2.50 × 1.00 × 450)/(300 × 2.00) V₂ = 1125/600 V₂ = 1.875 dm³

2(a) K₂Cr₂O₇: 2(+1) + 2(x) + 7(−2) = 0 2 + 2x − 14 = 0 2x = 12 x = +6 (Cr) Na₂S₂O₃: 2(+1) + 2(x) + 3(−2) = 0 2 + 2x − 6 = 0 2x = 4 x = +2 (S) 2(b) (i) Cl⁻ : 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ (ii) Fe³⁺ : 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁵

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8(a)i. Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle states that It is impossible to simultaneously measure both the exact position and exact momentum of a particle with unlimited precision. Δx · Δp ≥ h/4π 8(a)ii. -Medical diagnosis (imaging bones, detecting fractures/tumours) -Airport/security baggage screening -Industrial radiography (detecting cracks/flaws in metals and welds) -Crystallography (studying the structure of crystals) 8(b) Wavelength, λ = 1 Å = 1 × 10⁻¹⁰ m i. Energy of photon in eV: E = hc/λ = (6.626×10⁻³⁴ × 3×10⁸) / (1×10⁻¹⁰) E = 1.988 × 10⁻¹⁵ J E = 1.988×10⁻¹⁵ / 1.6×10⁻¹⁹ E ≈ 12,424 eV ≈ 12.4 keV ii. Momentum of photon: p = h/λ = 6.626×10⁻³⁴ / 1×10⁻¹⁰ p ≈ 6.63 × 10⁻²⁴ kg·m/s 8(c)i. Binding energy is the energy required to completely separate a nucleus into its individual constituent nucleons or equivalently, the energy released when free nucleons combine to form the nucleus.

*TYPE B* 1(a) Young's modulus Bulk modulus Shear modulus 1(b) i. Elasticity – the property of a material that enables it to return to its original shape and size after the deforming force is removed. ii. Plasticity – the property of a material that causes it to retain a permanent deformation after the deforming force is removed (it does not return to its original shape). iii. Ductility – the ability of a material to be drawn or stretched into thin wires without breaking. iv. Malleability – the ability of a material to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets without breaking. 1(c) x = 4t² − 16t + 12 v = dx/dt = 8t − 16 a = dv/dt = 8 i. Instantaneous velocity at t = 5s: v = 8(5) − 16 = 24 m/s ii. Instantaneous acceleration: a = 8 m/s² iii.  stationary (v = 0): 8t − 16 = 0 → t = 2 s