INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
前往频道在 Telegram
IR plays an important role to understand changing dimensions of Indian Foreign policies in present scenarios and how it shapes our relationships with our neighbour and world in this globalised and interdependent world. 📞 @studuent_life_bot
显示更多
网络:📈 Telegram 频道 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 的分析概览
频道 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (@upsc_4_ir) 英语 语言赛道中的 是活跃参与者。目前社区聚集了 41 613 名订阅者，在 教育 类别中位列第 4 368，并在 印度 地区排名第 9 163 位。
📊 受众指标与增长动态
自 невідомо 创建以来，项目保持高速增长，吸引了 41 613 名订阅者。
根据 06 十月, 2026 的最新数据，频道保持稳定运转。过去 30 天订阅人数变化为 -419，过去 24 小时变化为 -14，整体触达仍然可观。
- 认证状态： 未认证
- 互动率 (ER)： 平均受众互动率为 1.28%。内容发布后 24 小时内通常能获得 0.72% 的反应，占订阅者总量。
- 帖子覆盖： 每篇帖子平均可获得 533 次浏览，首日通常累积 299 次浏览。
- 互动与反馈： 受众积极参与，单帖平均反应数为 2。
- 主题关注点： 内容集中在 upsc, prelim, tariff, nato, u.s 等核心主题上。
📝 描述与内容策略
作者将该频道定位为表达主观观点的平台：
“IR plays an important role to understand changing dimensions of Indian Foreign policies in present scenarios and how it shapes our relationships with our neighbour and world in this globalised and interdependent world.
📞 @studuent_life_bot”
凭借高频更新（最新数据采集于 07 十月, 2026），频道始终保持新鲜度与高覆盖。分析显示受众积极互动，使其成为 教育 类别中的关键影响点。
41 613
订阅者
-1424 小时
-1227 天
-41930 天
数据加载中...
相似频道
标签云
进出提及
---
---
---
---
---
---
吸引订阅者
十月 '2610月 '26
十月 '26
+1
在0个频道中
九月 '26
+26
在0个频道中
Get PRO
八月 '26
+57
在0个频道中
Get PRO
七月 '26
+142
在43个频道中
Get PRO
六月 '26
+787
在52个频道中
Get PRO
五月 '26
+23
在2个频道中
Get PRO
四月 '26
+443
在51个频道中
Get PRO
三月 '26
+6
在3个频道中
Get PRO
二月 '26
+641
在44个频道中
Get PRO
一月 '26
+53
在8个频道中
Get PRO
十二月 '25
+579
在63个频道中
Get PRO
十一月 '25
+161
在4个频道中
Get PRO
十月 '25
+10
在6个频道中
Get PRO
九月 '25
+132
在32个频道中
Get PRO
八月 '25
+1
在2个频道中
Get PRO
七月 '25
+1 100
在22个频道中
Get PRO
六月 '25
+581
在49个频道中
Get PRO
五月 '25
+447
在19个频道中
Get PRO
四月 '25
+3
在14个频道中
Get PRO
三月 '25
+882
在25个频道中
Get PRO
二月 '25
+1 133
在4个频道中
Get PRO
一月 '250
在7个频道中
Get PRO
十二月 '24
+13
在19个频道中
Get PRO
十一月 '24
+14
在11个频道中
Get PRO
十月 '24
+1
在17个频道中
Get PRO
九月 '24
+37
在19个频道中
Get PRO
八月 '24
+33
在22个频道中
Get PRO
七月 '24
+537
在59个频道中
Get PRO
六月 '24
+16
在15个频道中
Get PRO
五月 '24
+1 847
在50个频道中
Get PRO
四月 '24
+4 498
在18个频道中
Get PRO
三月 '24
+4 993
在12个频道中
Get PRO
二月 '24
+6 709
在6个频道中
Get PRO
一月 '24
+10 401
在9个频道中
Get PRO
十二月 '23
+9 256
在15个频道中
Get PRO
十一月 '23
+7 597
在8个频道中
Get PRO
十月 '23
+8 584
在8个频道中
Get PRO
九月 '23
+5 010
在0个频道中
Get PRO
八月 '23
+511
在0个频道中
Get PRO
七月 '23
+778
在0个频道中
Get PRO
六月 '23
+576
在0个频道中
Get PRO
五月 '23
+198
在0个频道中
Get PRO
四月 '23
+265
在0个频道中
Get PRO
三月 '23
+189
在0个频道中
Get PRO
二月 '23
+261
在0个频道中
Get PRO
一月 '23
+97
在0个频道中
Get PRO
十二月 '22
+530
在0个频道中
Get PRO
十一月 '22
+268
在0个频道中
Get PRO
十月 '22
+360
在0个频道中
Get PRO
九月 '22
+357
在0个频道中
Get PRO
八月 '22
+1 046
在0个频道中
Get PRO
七月 '22
+541
在0个频道中
Get PRO
六月 '22
+265
在0个频道中
Get PRO
五月 '22
+116
在0个频道中
Get PRO
四月 '22
+94
在0个频道中
Get PRO
三月 '22
+416
在0个频道中
Get PRO
二月 '22
+97
在0个频道中
Get PRO
一月 '22
+96
在0个频道中
Get PRO
十二月 '21
+112
在0个频道中
Get PRO
十一月 '21
+42
在0个频道中
Get PRO
十月 '21
+138
在0个频道中
Get PRO
九月 '21
+325
在0个频道中
Get PRO
八月 '21
+505
在0个频道中
Get PRO
七月 '21
+1 876
在0个频道中
| 日期 | 订阅者增长 | 提及 | 频道 | |
| 07 十月 | 0 | |||
| 06 十月 | 0 | |||
| 05 十月 | 0 | |||
| 04 十月 | 0 | |||
| 03 十月 | 0 | |||
| 02 十月 | 0 | |||
| 01 十月 | +1 |
频道帖子
| 2 |  🔥 Uppcs Prelims Accelerator Program Anmol Vachan
📅 Starts: 5 October | ⏰ 8:15 PM
✅ 40 High-Yield MCQs Daily bot quiz ( Sunday off)
✅ 2500+ MCQs - PYQs + State PSC + Current + Static + UP GK
✅ Detailed Explanations + Daily Doubt Discussion
✅ Daily Quiz Summary
✅ 60-Day Strong Revision Plan
💥 PRE-ENROLMENT OFFER
₹599 → 🔥 ₹399 ONLY (200rs OFF)
Don’t wait for the last month. Build your Prelims accuracy from Day 1.
👉 Secure Your Spot Before the Price Jumps to ₹599
✅Enroll https://t.me/studytoday_bot
✅Daily Quiz summary with themes wise arranged CLICK HERE
✅demo questions
https://t.me/uppsc_prelims_mcq/29284
Practice • Revise • Improve | 138 |
| 3 | Exercise 'MOUNTAIN GUARDIAN 2026', recently seen in the news, is the inaugural bilateral army exercise between India and which country? | 161 |
| 4 |  🔆 INDIA’S MODEL BIT — A DECADE LATER
📍 Why in News?
🟢 India is revising its Model Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT), nearly a decade after the revised model was approved in 2015.
🟢 The Union Budget 2025–26 announced that the model would be revamped to make it more investor-friendly.
🟢 The review reflects both India’s treaty experience and changes in the international investment regime.
📍 Lessons from the 2015 Model BIT
🟢 The 2015 model emerged in the context of concerns over investor–State arbitration, including the White Industries Australia Limited v. Republic of India award (2011).
🟢 It adopted a narrower definition of investment, limited substantive protections and broader regulatory exceptions.
🟢 Investors were required to exhaust judicial and administrative remedies for at least 5 years before initiating treaty arbitration.
📍 India’s Treaty Practice Has Evolved
🟢 New-generation BITs with the UAE and Uzbekistan provide a 3-year period for pursuing local remedies instead of the earlier 5-year requirement.
🟢 The India–Israel BIA, effective July 2026, similarly provides a 3-year period.
🟢 This indicates greater flexibility in India’s investment treaty practice since 2015.
📍 What Should the New Model BIT Address?
🟢 MFN Provision: India should carefully consider whether to include a Most Favoured Nation (MFN) clause and clearly define its scope, particularly regarding dispute settlement.
🟢 Investor–State Dispute Settlement (ISDS): International reforms are moving towards investment facilitation, cooperation, sustainable development and more precisely defined investor protections.
🟢 Dispute Prevention: The new model could strengthen consultation and dispute-prevention mechanisms before arbitration.
🟢 Investor Obligations: The India–Uzbekistan BIT provides an example of placing obligations on investors and defining circumstances in which counterclaims can be made.
📍 Need for Precision & Balance
🟢 Provisions relating to expropriation and Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) need clear drafting to reduce interpretational uncertainty.
🟢 Sustainable development and responsible investment should be incorporated through clearly expressed legal obligations rather than broad policy declarations.
🟢 The objective should not simply be to favour investors or States, but to create a clear, workable and balanced framework suited to India’s present position.
📍 UPSC Mains Question
Q. India’s evolving Bilateral Investment Treaty framework reflects the need to balance investor protection with the State’s regulatory autonomy. Discuss.
#InternationalRelations | 176 |
| 5 | EPFO PYQ Book Sample.pdf | 133 |
| 6 |  EPFO GAME CHANGER | PYQ Book (2002-Till date)
• Book PDF : click here (Rs 99/- Only)
• Sample Copy : https://t.me/DelhiUpscSecrets_official/7110
⏳ Offer valid for the first 50 students only. | 137 |
| 7 |  +2📖 EPFO Complete English Grammar Revision in Just 50 Pages!
Specially curated for serious aspirants of EPFO | CDS | CAPF and other competitive examinations. Get straight-to-the-point notes designed to boost your accuracy and speed.
✅ Key Features:
• Important Grammar Rules & Structures
• Crucial Exceptions & Special Usages
• Common Grammar Confusions Resolved
• Wrong vs. Correct Practical Examples
• Error-Spotting Rules & Exam Traps
• Time-Saving Quick Revision Tables
💰 Limited Time Pricing:
Get the Anmol Vachan Short Notes today for just ₹99 (Original Price: ₹199).
Contact - @EPFO_Notes_bot. | 225 |
| 8 |  🔆 INDIA–SWITZERLAND: NEW AREAS OF COOPERATION
📍 Defence & Nuclear Energy
🟢 India and Switzerland identified new opportunities for cooperation in defence, military exchanges and defence production.
🟢 Both sides also agreed to further deepen cooperation in nuclear energy.
📍 Trade & Investment
🟢 The discussions took place during the first anniversary of the Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA) between India and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), which entered into force on 1 October 2025.
🟢 Switzerland invited its companies to invest in India, particularly in capacity building, design and manufacturing.
🟢 Both sides expressed interest in concluding an Investment Protection Agreement and continuing discussions on intellectual property protection.
📍 Migration & Mobility Partnership
🟢 Agreement aims to strengthen cooperation on migration and mobility based on equal treatment principles.
🟢 Focus includes combating irregular migration, human exploitation and trafficking.
🟢 Provides multiple-entry visas for up to 5 years, including stays of up to 6 months per visit.
🟢 Renewable 1-year student permits are also provided.
📍 Exchange of Young Professionals
🟢 Facilitates temporary employment for young professionals in the other country.
🟢 Aims to enhance professional and language skills.
🟢 Covers an exchange of 300 people annually per country, with scope to increase it to 500.
📍 Science & Technology
🟢 Department of Science and Technology (DST) and the Swiss National Science Foundation signed an LoI.
🟢 Objective: promote long-term cooperation between Indian and Swiss research communities.
📍 Other Areas
🟢 Five agreements, including MoUs and Letters of Intent, were signed across different sectors.
🟢 Cooperation also covers transport, mobility and infrastructure, with opportunities for Swiss companies to participate in India.
📍 UPSC MAINS
Q. India–Switzerland relations are expanding beyond trade into defence, nuclear energy, mobility and scientific cooperation. Discuss the significance of this diversification.
#InternationalRelations | 401 |
| 9 |  +2🚀 Most Awaited EPFO 4 labour code shorts notes
Tired of bulky books & scattered PDFs? 😵💫
Turn the entire Labour Law syllabus into smart, exam-focused revision notes! 🎯
🔥 WHAT YOU GET
📖 30 Pages of high-yield Labour Law
⚖️ All 4 Labour Codes + Important Labour Acts
🔄 Old Acts vs New Codes comparison
💵 EPF | ESI | EDLI schemes covered
📌 Important Sections, Definitions & Authorities
🚨 Exam Traps, Exceptions & Confusing Provisions
🎯 MCQ-oriented facts & frequently tested areas
🆕 Latest exam-relevant updates
💡 LESS READING → MORE REVISION → BETTER RECALL
📌💰 Limited Time Pricing:
Labour code Short Notes today for just ₹99 (Original Price: ₹199).
Contact @EPFO_Notes_bot
🏆 PERFECT FOR
EPFO EO/AO | APFC EXAM
English grammar CLICK HERE | 226 |
| 10 |  +1ETHICS SHORTS NOTES Anmol Vachan
STOP Memorizing Heavy Textbooks! Master the Ethics syllabus with a highly structured, plug-and-play notes package.
What's Inside?
✅Theoretical Portion simplified into 29 crisp pages + applied ethics issues in 12 pages
✅Latest Current Affairs Integration (AI Ethics, data privacy, gig economy etc)
✅Diagrams & Flowcharts to make your answers stand out
✅Delivered via high-quality PNG Images on Telegram
✅Last-minute revision friendly visual layouts
🎯 Stop Overthinking Ethics. Learn to Write What the Examiner Wants!
💸 Price: ₹99 Only (199rs)
Contact - @Mains_Short_notes_bot
A small investment for a rank that can change your entire life. | 284 |
| 11 |  🔆 IRAQ’S MILITIAS WITHIN THE MILITARY — POPULAR MOBILISATION FORCES (PMF)
📍 Background
🟢 In 2014, Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani issued a fatwa calling on Iraqis to join the fight against the Islamic State (IS) after the group captured Mosul and advanced towards Baghdad.
🟢 This mobilisation led to the expansion of armed groups that became part of the Popular Mobilisation Forces (PMF), also known as Hashd al-Shaabi.
🟢 The PMF played a major role in defeating IS and later became formally integrated into Iraq’s security structure.
📍 Three Broad Currents within PMF
🟢 Iran-aligned factions: Groups such as Badr Organisation, Asaib Ahl al-Haq, Kataib Hezbollah and Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba.
🟢 Sistani-aligned shrine units: Including groups such as Abbas Combat Division, Liwa Ali al-Akbar and Imam Ali Combat Division.
🟢 Sadrist-aligned forces: Associated with Muqtada al-Sadr, including Saraya al-Salam (Peace Brigades).
📍 PMF: Scale & Legal Status
🟢 The PMF comprises more than 200,000 fighters, according to the article, with an estimated total strength of around 240,000.
🟢 It has an annual budget of approximately $3.4 billion.
🟢 In 2016, the Iraqi Parliament passed legislation institutionalising the PMF as an independent organisation within Iraq’s armed forces.
🟢 Despite formal integration, several factions have retained independent command structures and political influence.
📍 Tensions with the United States
🟢 Several PMF factions opposed the U.S. military presence in Iraq and demanded American withdrawal.
🟢 The killing of Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis and Iranian General Qassem Soleimani in a U.S. air strike in 2020 intensified tensions.
🟢 Some PMF factions subsequently launched attacks against U.S. forces and American interests.
📍 PMF & the Israel–Iran Conflict
🟢 According to the article, Iran-aligned PMF factions became involved after the U.S. and Israel launched attacks on Iran in February 2026.
🟢 The U.S. reportedly faced difficulty countering the PMF’s decentralised operational tactics and geographical spread.
🟢 The article notes that some factions agreed to refrain from attacks following the U.S. withdrawal from Iraq, while others continued to resist the American presence.
📍 Key Issue for Iraq
🟢 The central challenge is balancing the PMF’s status as part of the Iraqi security apparatus with the continued autonomy and external alignments of some factions.
🟢 The issue directly concerns state sovereignty, monopoly over the use of force, civil-military relations and regional geopolitics.
📍 UPSC Mains Question
Q. The institutionalisation of armed militias within state security structures can create challenges for state sovereignty and the monopoly over legitimate force. Discuss with reference to Iraq’s Popular Mobilisation Forces.
#InternationalRelations | 459 |
| 12 | Only 50 days left UPPSC prelims
Attempt daily 40+ MCQ
Pyq + current affairs
CLICK HERE TO JOIN | 397 |
| 13 |  🔆 COLBY’S MID-TERM REPORT CARD: WHAT IT MEANS FOR INDIA
📍 U.S. Defence Strategy: Key Shift
🟢 Elbridge Colby, U.S. Under Secretary of War for Policy, has outlined the Trump administration’s evolving defence priorities.
🟢 Four major goals: defend the U.S. homeland, deter China, strengthen allies/partners and rebuild the U.S. defence industry.
🟢 Washington increasingly expects allies to contribute more to regional security, funding, infrastructure and defence capabilities.
📍 A New Bargain with Partners
🟢 Europe is being encouraged to take greater responsibility for its own defence.
🟢 South Korea is expected to do more on the Korean Peninsula.
🟢 Japan and Australia are being encouraged to play a larger role in the Indo-Pacific.
🟢 The U.S. would continue providing advanced capabilities and strategic coordination, while partners contribute greater troops, infrastructure and industrial support.
📍 China & Russia: Central to the Strategy
🟢 China remains the principal strategic concern, particularly regarding the Indo-Pacific and First Island Chain.
🟢 At the same time, the U.S. is negotiating with China on trade and other issues, creating a mix of competition and cooperation.
🟢 Russia remains important because of the war in Ukraine, European security, Russian military power and India’s defence and energy ties with Russia.
📍 What It Means for India
🟢 India’s geographical position, military potential, Indian Ocean location, technological ambitions and Indo-Pacific role make it strategically important to Washington.
🟢 The U.S. increasingly expects India to contribute to regional balance, defence cooperation, technology and supply-chain initiatives.
🟢 India is simultaneously strengthening partnerships with France, Europe, Japan, Australia and Gulf countries, while maintaining important ties with Russia.
📍 India’s Strategic Opportunity
🟢 A stronger network of partnerships gives India greater capabilities and strategic choices.
🟢 India can use its economic scale, military capability, technology, market access and strategic partnerships to build bargaining power.
🟢 The China example shows how economic and technological strength can translate into greater strategic influence.
📍 Way Forward for India
🟢 Strengthen indigenous defence capabilities and reduce excessive external dependence.
🟢 Expand cooperation with the U.S. while preserving strategic autonomy.
🟢 Invest in technology, defence manufacturing and supply chains.
🟢 Build stronger partnerships across the Indo-Pacific, Europe and Gulf.
🟢 The objective should be greater cooperation with Washington without compromising India’s freedom of strategic action.
📍 UPSC Mains Question
Q. The evolving U.S. strategy of relying more on capable regional partners presents both opportunities and challenges for India. Discuss.
#InternationalRelations | 430 |
| 14 |  +3📚 ACCOUNTING — EPFO SPECIAL SHORT NOTES 📊
🔥 35+ PAGES | EXAM-ORIENTED NOTES 🔥
Preparing for UPSC EPFO APFC or other competitive exams?
Get crisp, structured notes covering:
•Accounting principle, concept and approaches
• Terminology and definitions • Books of Accounting
• Types of Accounts and
Accounting Rules
• Trading & Profit & Loss Account
• Assets & Liabilities
• Stocks & Inventory
• Rectification of Errors and suspense account
• Bank Reconciliation Statement (BRS)
• Types of Revenue & Capital Expenditure
• Deferred Revenue & Extraordinary Expenditure
• Contingent Assets & Liabilities + Legacies
• Accounting of NPOs
• financial statements of sole Proprietors & Partnership firms
•Trading account
•Financial statement
•Cost accounting
• Cash flow statement
• Important concepts, entries & exam-focused facts
💰 Limited Time Pricing:
Get the Anmol Vachan Short Notes today for just ₹99 (Original Price: ₹199).
Note: This 50% discount applies strictly to the first 200 students
🎯 35+ PAGES. LESS READING. MORE REVISION. BETTER RECALL.
📩 GET YOURSELF ENROLLED :
👉 https://t.me/EPFO_Notes_bot
Labour code +
english grammar +
Accounting
All 3 Subjects only 250rs | 320 |
| 15 | UPPSC prelims accelerator review | 72 |
| 16 |  Half-off ends tonight!
🔥 UPPCS Prelims Accelerator Program Anmol Vachan
⚡ Fast-Track Your Prelims Preparation with Daily Targeted Practice!
🎯 WHAT YOU GET:
✅ 40 High-Yield MCQs Daily bot quiz at 8:15 PM ( Sunday off)
✅Build speed, accuracy & question-solving consistency.
✅ 2500+ MCQs
PYQs + Various State PSC Questions + Current Affairs + Static Concepts + UP GK
✅ 60-Day Strong Revision Plan
A structured plan for consistent Prelims preparation.
✅ Detailed Explanations
Understand the concept behind every question.
✅ Daily Doubt Discussion
Clear your doubts and strengthen your weak areas.
✅ Daily Quiz Summary
Quick revision of your performance, mistakes & important concepts.
💥 WHY JOIN?
“Don’t wait until the last month to start solving MCQs.”
Build your Prelims accuracy, speed & revision habit from Day 1.
💰 PRE-ENROLMENT OFFER
Regular Fee: ₹599
🔥 PRE-ENROLMENT PRICE: ₹299 ONLY
🎉 50% OFF
⚠️ FIRST 100 ENROLMENTS ONLY
👉 Secure Your Spot Before the Price Jumps to ₹599
✅Enroll https://t.me/studytoday_bot
✅Daily Quiz summary with themes wise arranged CLICK HERE
✅Demo questions
https://t.me/uppsc_prelims_mcq/29284
📚 Practice Daily. Revise Regularly. Be Prelims Ready.
🎯 Guidance • Strategy • Selection | 68 |
| 17 | UPPSC hindi medium
Click here to join | 56 |
| 18 | Krishna Arjun Conversations How do I stop thinking about the outcome?
https://youtube.com/shorts/vE-X8GQS85Y?si=9WReC_IhKAJR2DZX | 187 |
| 19 | 🔆 India-Mongolia Joint Military Exercise NOMADIC ELEPHANT Commences
📍 Exercise Overview & Deployment
• 🟢 The 18th edition of the India-Mongolia Joint Military Exercise NOMADIC ELEPHANT commenced on 21 September 2026 at the Foreign Training Node in Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand.
• 🟢 Scheduled to run until 03 October 2026, this annual platoon-level exercise alternates between the two nations, with the previous edition held in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, in May-June 2025.
• 🟢 Both the Indian Army and the Mongolian Armed Forces are participating with a contingent of 45 personnel each.
📍 Training Objectives & Strategic Focus
• 🟢 The primary aim of the exercise is to enhance joint military capabilities for conducting Counter-Insurgency Operations in semi-urban and mountainous terrains under the United Nations Mandate.
• 🟢 The joint training focuses heavily on tactical-level operations, interoperability, and specialized drills, including Cordon and Search Operations, Room Intervention, Special Heliborne Operations, and Cyber Security Training.
• 🟢 The curriculum also prominently features the employment of drones and counter-drone systems, providing realistic operational scenarios to reinforce bilateral defence cooperation and mutual trust between India and Mongolia.
📍 Mains Practice Question
• 🟢 Analyze the strategic significance of bilateral military exercises like NOMADIC ELEPHANT in strengthening India's defense cooperation and operational interoperability with partner nations under the United Nations Mandate.
#Defence | 593 |
| 20 |  🔆 MALACCA–SINGAPORE MODEL FOR RESOLVING HORMUZ
📍 Strategic Context
🟢 The Strait of Malacca runs for about 800 km between the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia’s Sumatra, connecting the Andaman Sea with the Strait of Singapore.
🟢 The Strait of Singapore connects the Malacca Strait with the South China Sea.
📍 Malacca–Singapore Experience
🟢 In 1971, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore jointly challenged the notion of the Straits being international waters.
🟢 Indonesia sought greater control over waters around its islands, while Malaysia also asserted 12-nautical-mile territorial seas.
🟢 The three states eventually worked towards a cooperative framework while maintaining territorial sovereignty.
📍 UNCLOS & Transit Passage
🟢 During the formulation of UNCLOS, the UK proposed the concept of “transit passage” through straits connecting the high seas or EEZs.
🟢 It allows ships to pass through such straits in a continuous and expeditious manner.
🟢 UNCLOS addressed concerns of Indonesia and Malaysia regarding security, environmental safety and navigation.
📍 Cooperative Mechanism — 2007
🟢 In 2007, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore, with the international community, established a Cooperative Mechanism based on a tripartite separation scheme.
🟢 A key feature was the Aids to Navigation Fund, supported through voluntary contributions.
🟢 The fund finances navigation aids, hydrographic surveys and safety projects in cooperation with littoral states.
🟢 Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore do not impose fees, tolls or other payments on ships exercising their right of transit passage.
📍 Lessons for Strait of Hormuz
🟢 The Strait of Hormuz has a similar geographical feature: the territorial waters of Iran and Oman intersect.
🟢 The Malacca–Singapore model demonstrates how littoral states and external stakeholders can cooperate while preserving territorial rights.
🟢 In Malacca, the key concern was safe navigation and environmental protection.
🟢 In Hormuz, the central issue is closely linked to Iran’s security concerns.
📍 Way Forward
🟢 A cooperative mechanism involving littoral states and other stakeholders could potentially address navigation, safety and environmental concerns.
🟢 The article highlights that technical parallels exist between the two straits, although Hormuz has a distinct geopolitical and security context.
📌 PRELIMS FOCUS:
🟢 Strait of Malacca — Malay Peninsula + Sumatra
🟢 Strait of Singapore — connects Malacca Strait with South China Sea
🟢 Transit Passage — UNCLOS
🟢 Strait of Hormuz — Iran + Oman
✍️ MAINS PRACTICE
How can the Malacca–Singapore cooperative mechanism offer lessons for addressing navigation and security challenges in the Strait of Hormuz?
#InternationalRelations | 559 |
