In the same year, the English writer Israel Zangwill founded the Jewish Territorialist Organization, with support from the Rothschilds, Winston Churchill and other prominent figures. The JTO was tasked with investigating suitable territories for a Jewish colony in any peaceful country ; they investigated a long list of possibilities, including Cyrenaica, Angola, Brazil, Paraguay, Nevada, Australia, Siberia, Mesopotamia, Manchuria, Cuba and Canada. It’s well worth reading the pages of
Les Terres promises avant Israël by Olivier de Marliave (Imago, 2017) devoted to these territorialist dreams. When Zangwill died in 1925 and the JTO was dissolved, these territorialist projects too were abandoned.
The push to establish Jewish colonies was often imbued with utopian socialism ; Yiddish eclipsed Hebrew, trade unionism became the new religion, and kosher butchers were less in demand than labourers (read
Terre Promise by Nathan Weinstock, Metropolis 2001, about the Jewish labour movement overseas). Today, small groups of Russian Jews can be found in California, the Rockies, Louisiana, Texas (the Galveston Movement) and upstate New York. In 1825, a man named Mordecai Manuel Noah founded a modest colony called Ararat on the banks of Lake Erie, at the border between the United States and Canada. But dreams once again collided with harsh reality, and the Ararat project foundered too.
The vision of an autonomous Jewish homeland now moved east towards Russia, where creating agricultural Jewish colonies was seen as a way to simultaneously “solve the Jewish problem,” and reinvigorate ailing agriculture. After an aborted project in Crimea in the 1920s (with Jewish American financing!), the idea of a Jewish autonomous region emerged once again—but this time in a remote no man’s land between China and Russia called Birobidzhan. Everyone got involved : Stalin, with his policies against minorities, territorialists like Zangwill and the successors of Herzl, and all others who were seeking a place for Jews to safely live. Between 1928 and 1938 over 40,000 people moved to the Jewish Autonomous Region, first into barracks and then kolkhozes. There were advertising campaigns (“a land of free‐flowing honey”), glowing articles in the Yiddish press of Paris and New York, and foreign donors encouraging immigration to Birobidzhan. On the ground, however, agriculture soon dwindled, while industrial and metallurgical work increased. Stalin intended to establish 300,000 people in the autonomous region ; in reality, even in its best years, population never exceeded 43,000. The inhabitants, mostly foreigners, became disillusioned and departed. Culturally, Birobidzhan was a failure as well. The promotion of Yiddish as the region’s national language (the language of schools, theatres, the press, libraries, and official communications) didn’t take. In fact, Yiddish was a tool used in service of socialism to promote militant atheism, erase distinctive Jewish identity, and transform each individual into a
homo sovieticus. The “land of honey” was not spared the Stalinist purges, arbitrary imprisonments, the suppression of Yiddish in favour of Russian, and other hardships. On the eve of the war, Birobidzhan looked more like an example of political and cultural failure than the realization of a utopia. Birobidzhan still exists today, but it’s no longer an autonomous region, and no elements of its ancient Jewish past have been retained, except for a few rusty signs written in Yiddish.
Sion, B. (2021).
OTHER PROMISED LANDS - Tenoua. [online] Tenoua. Available at:
https://tenoua.org/2021/06/22/other-promised-lands