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🟢Difference Between Money Bill and Finance Bill The fundamental difference between a money bill and finance bill is that a money bill can be introduced in only the lower house of parliament, i.e. Lok Sabha only, finance bill can be introduced in either of the two houses. Although money bill is a type of finance bill, most of the people use them interchangeably, but they differ in terms of their content Definition of Money Bill Money Bills as the name suggests, are the bills concerned with the provisions solely dealing with all or any of the matters prescribed in the article 110 (1). It encompasses matters relating to the levying, abrogation and regulation of taxes, regulation of government borrowing, the protection of Consolidated or Contingency Fund and inflow or outflow of money from any such funds, appropriation of money from Consolidated Fund of India, and so forth. After obtaining the assent of the president of India, the bill introduced in the House of people i.e. Lok Sabha, which is certified as money bill by the Speaker and then passed to Rajya Sabha for the recommendation of amendments. Further, the Rajya Sabha can keep the bill, for a maximum of 14 days, or else it is deemed to be passed by both the houses. The Lok Sabha has the authority to accept or reject the suggestions given by the Rajya Sabha. Definition of Finance Bill A bill proposed in Lok Sabha every year, just after the declaration of Union Budget for the upcoming year, to undertake the proposals made by the Government, is known as Finance Bill. It refers to any bill that contains matters relating to the revenue and expenditure of the country. It takes into account the imposition of new taxes, alteration in the existing tax structure or continuance of the older one, beyond the term assented by the Parliament are presented via finance bill. A memorandum comprising of explanations of the provisions covered is enclosed with the bill. The bill has to be enacted by the Parliament within 75 days of its introduction. The finance bill is classified into two categories, which is described as under: Category A: The bill covers the provisions of Article 110 (1) of the Constitution of India. It can be originated only in Lok Sabha, after the assent of the President of the country. Category B: It contains clauses relating to the expenditure from Consolidated Fund of India. Such bills can be introduced in any of the two houses. Prior approval of President is the must, for consideration of the bills. Join us @LAW_Notes_Llb_Notes

🎯Different age of marriage for men & women🎯 The Delhi High Court has took up a plea that sought a uniform age of marriage for men and women. A bench comprising Chief Justice D N Patel and Justice C Hari Shankar issued a notice to the Centre and the Law Commission of India, seeking their response to the public interest litigation filed by advocate and BJP spokesperson Ashwini Kumar Upadhyaya. Currently, the law prescribes that the minimum age of marriage is 21 and 18 years for men and women, respectively. The minimum age of marriage is distinct from the age of majority, which is gender-neutral. An individual attains the age of majority at 18 as per the Indian Majority Act, 1875. Why a minimum age? The law prescribes a minimum age of marriage to essentially outlaw child marriages and prevent abuse of minors. Personal laws of various religions that deal with marriage have their own standards, often reflecting custom. For Hindus, Section 5(iii) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 sets 18 years as the minimum age for the bride and 21 years as the minimum age for the groom. Child marriages are not illegal but can be declared void at the request of the minor in the marriage. In Islam, the marriage of a minor who has attained puberty is considered valid under personal law. The Special Marriage Act, 1954 and the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 also prescribe 18 and 21 years as the minimum age of consent for marriage for women and men respectively. How the law evolved? The Indian Penal Code enacted in 1860 criminalised any sexual intercourse with a girl below the age of 10. The provision of rape was amended in 1927 through the Age of Consent Bill, 1927, which made marriages with a girl under 12 invalid. The law had faced opposition from conservative leaders of the nationalist movement such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Madan Mohan Malaviya who saw the British intervention as an attack on Hindu customs. In 1929, the Child Marriage Restraint Act set 16 and 18 years as the minimum age of marriage for women and men respectively. The law, popularly known as Sarda Act after its sponsor Harbilas Sarda, a judge and a member of Arya Samaj, was eventually amended in 1978 to prescribe 18 and 21 years as the age of marriage for a woman and a man, respectively. Two genders, two ages! The different legal standards for the age of men and women to marry has been a subject of debate. The laws are a codification of custom and religious practices that are rooted in patriarchy. In a consultation paper of reform in family law in 2018, the Law Commission argued that having different legal standards “contributes to the stereotype that wives must be younger than their husbands”. Women’s rights activists too have argued that the law perpetuates the stereotype that women are more mature than men of the same age and therefore can be allowed to marry sooner. The international treaty Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), also calls for the abolition of laws that assume women have a different physical or intellectual rate of growth than men. The Law Commission paper recommended that the minimum age of marriage for both genders be set at 18. “The difference in age for husband and wife has no basis in law as spouses entering into a marriage are by all means equals and their partnership must also be of that between equals,” the Commission noted. The challenge in court Upadhyaya, the petitioner in the Delhi High Court case, has challenged the law on the grounds of discrimination. He alleges that Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution, which guarantee the right to equality and the right to live with dignity, are violated by having different legal age for men and women to marry. Two Supreme Court rulings could be significant to the context of this argument. In 2014, in National Legal Services Authority of India v Union of India, the Supreme Court while recognising transgenders as the third gender said that justice is delivered with the “assumption that humans have equal value and should, therefore, be treated as eq

●स्थगन प्रस्ताव स्थगन प्रस्ताव किसी लोक महत्व के मामले पर पेश किया जाता है । जब ये स्वीकार कर लिया जाता है तब लोक महत्व के कार्य के लिए सदन का नियमित कार्य रोक दिया जाता है ।इस प्रस्ताव को पेश करने के लिए न्यूनतम 50 सदस्यों की स्वीकृति जरूरी है । ●धन विधेयक संसद में राजस्व एकत्र करने या अन्य प्रकार के धन के संबंधित विधेयक को धन विधेयक कहा जाता है । धन विधेयक केवल लोकसभा में ही पेश किया जाता है । धन विधेयक को पुन:विचार के लिए राष्ट्रपति लौटा नहीं सकता । ●विनियोग विधेयक विनियोग विधेयक में भारत की संचित निधि पर भारित व्यय की पूर्ति के लिए धन तथा सरकार के खर्च के लिए अनुदान की मांग शामिल होती है । भारत में संचित निधि में से कोई भी धन विनियोग विधेयक के अधीन ही निकाला जा सकता है । ●अविश्वास प्रस्ताव यह प्रस्ताव लोकसभा या विधानसभा में विपक्षी दलों द्वारा लाया जाता है । दरअसल ये प्रस्ताव सत्तारूढ पार्टी या गठबंधन के बहुतमत की परीक्षा होती है...। अगर ये प्रस्ताव पारित हो जाता है तो मंत्रिपरिषद् को इस्तीफा देना पड़ता है । सरकार गिर जाती है । ●अध्यादेश जब संसद का अधिवेशन नहीं चल रहा हो और किसी विशेष उद्देश्य के लिए कानून की आवश्यकता हो, तो राष्ट्रपति अध्यादेश जारी कर सकता है । इस अध्यादेश का प्रभाव संसद द्वारा निर्मित कानून जैसा ही होगा । ●प्रश्नकाल जब संसद की कार्यवाही शुरू होती है...उसके शुरू के पहला घंटा सामान्यत: प्रश्नकाल कहलाता है । ●शून्य काल संसद के दोनों सदनों में प्रश्न काल के ठीक बाद के समय को शून्य काल कहा जाता है । शून्य काल का लोकसभा या राज्यसभा की प्रक्रिया तथा संचालन नियम में कोई उल्लेख नहीं है । ●सदन का स्थगन स्थगन द्वारा सदन के कामकाज को विनिर्दिष्ट समय के लिए स्थगित कर दिया जाता है । ●अनुपूरक प्रश्न सदन में किसी सदस्य द्वारा अध्यक्ष की अनुमति से किसी विषय पर दिए गए जवाब का स्पष्टीकरण के लिए अनुपूरक प्रश्न पूछने की अनुमति प्रदान करता है । ●विघटन केवल लोकसभा का ही विघटन हो सकता है । इससे लोकसभा भंग हो जाती है । ●तारांकित प्रश्न जिन सवालों का जवाब सदस्य तुरंत सदन में चाहता है उसे तारांकित प्रश्न कहा जाता है । ●अतारांकित प्रश्न जिन प्रश्नों का उत्तर सदस्य लिखित में चाहता है, उन्हें अतारांकित प्रश्न कहा जाता है । ●पदेन पद धारण करने के कारण । ●निर्वाचन मंडल विशेष मतदान के मकसद से गठित निर्वाचकों का विशेष समूह । जैसे- राष्ट्रपति के चुनाव के लिए संसद या विधानसभाओं से निर्वाचित सदस्य निर्वाचक मंडल का गठन करते है । ●न्यायिक समीक्षा विधायिका का बनाया गया कानून संविधान के मुताबिक है या नहीं, इसकी न्यापालिका जांच करती है, इसे ही न्यायिक समीक्षा कहा जाता है । ●प्रभुसत्ता संपन्न जहां देश आंतरिक और बाह्य मामलों में पूरी तरह स्वतंत्र हो और किसी बाह्य शक्ति पर निर्भर न हो । ●निषेधाधिकार मुख्य कार्यपालिका द्वारा सोच-विचार के बाद किसी विधायी अधिनियम पर अपनी अस्वीकृति । ऐसा करने से अधिनियम कानून का रुप नहीं ले पाता । ●निंदा प्रस्ताव सरकार की गलत नीतियों की आलोचना करने के लिए संसद के किसी भी सदन में निंदा प्रस्ताव लाया जा सकता है । ●गुलेटिन वह संसदीय प्रक्रिया जिसमें सभी मांगों को जो नियत तिथि तक नहीं निपटाई गई हो बिना चर्चा के ही मतदान के लिए रखा जाता है । ●काकस (Caucus) किसी राजनीतिक दल अथवा गुट के प्रमुख सदस्यों की बैठक को काकस कहते हैं । इन प्रमुख सदस्यों द्वारा तय की गई नीतियों से ही पूरा दल संचालित होता है । ●सचेतक राजनीतिक दल में अनुशासन बनाए रखने के लिए सचेतक की नियुक्ति हर दल द्वारा की जाती है । ●धर्म निरपेक्ष जहां धर्म के आधार पर किसी भी प्रकार का भेदभाव नहीं किया जाता तथा सभी धर्मों को समान रूप से देखा जाता है । ●लोकतंत्र सरकार को सारी शक्तियां जनता से प्राप्त होती हैं । शासकों का चुनाव जनता द्वारा किया जाता है । दूसरे रूप में कह सकते हैं कि लोकतंत्र जनता का, जनता के द्वारा और जनता के लिए है । ●समाजवाद ऐसी व्यवस्था जिसमें उत्पादन और वितरण का स्वामित्व राज्य के नियंत्रण में रहता है । ●गणराज्य इसका मतलब यह है कि राज्य का अध्यक्ष एक निर्वाचित व्यक्ति है जो एक निश्चित अवधि के लिए पद ग्रहण करता है | Join us @LAW_Notes_Llb_Notes

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