Upsc Science and technology

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🔆 LIGO-India (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) 📍 Latest Update (Feb 2026) ✅ Larsen & Toubro (L&T) won the contract from Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) to construct LIGO-India at Aundha, Hingoli district, Maharashtra. 🔆 About LIGO 📍 Objective ✅ Detect Gravitational Waves — ripples in space-time caused by violent cosmic events like black hole mergers or neutron star collisions. ✅ Predicted by Albert Einstein in 1916 (General Theory of Relativity). ✅ First directly detected in 2015 at LIGO Laboratory, USA. 📍 What are Gravitational Waves? ✅ Travel at the speed of light. ✅ Carry information about their cosmic origins and the nature of gravity. ✅ Generated by extreme astrophysical events (e.g., binary black holes). 📍 Principle of Working (Laser Interferometry) ✅ Uses twin 4-km-long L-shaped vacuum tunnels. ✅ A laser beam is split → reflected by mirrors → recombined. ✅ Passing waves cause minute stretching/compression of space, creating an interference pattern. ✅ Detects changes smaller than a proton’s diameter. 🔆 LIGO-India 📍 Approval & Collaboration ✅ Approved by Government of India (2016). ✅ Jointly developed by DAE + DST. ✅ In collaboration with National Science Foundation, USA (MoU). 📍 Indian Partner Institutes ✅ Institute of Plasma Research ✅ Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics ✅ Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology 📍 Global Network Members ✅ LIGO Laboratory (USA) ✅ Virgo Collaboration (Italy) ✅ KAGRA (Japan) ➡ LIGO-India will strengthen global triangulation & source localization. 📍 Significance for India ✅ 🔬 Astrophysics Leadership – Entry into frontier gravitational research. ✅ ⚙ Technological Boost – Precision engineering, lasers, vacuum tech. ✅ 🏭 Industrial Collaboration – Role of Indian firms like L&T. ✅ 🌍 Scientific Diplomacy – Enhances global prestige. 📝 UPSC Mains Angle (GS3 – Science & Tech) “Discuss the significance of LIGO-India in advancing India’s scientific capabilities and international scientific collaboration.” #GS3 #prelims #science_technology #science_and_technology Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC https://t.me/upsc_science_and_technology

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🔆 Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) 📍 Why in News? ✅ The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) is celebrating its 150th anniversary, highlighting its contribution to scientific self-reliance and the growth of modern Indian science 📍 About IACS ✅ Established on 29 July 1876 by Mahendralal Sircar as India’s first national institution dedicated to scientific research by Indians ✅ Founded with the vision of promoting scientific self-reliance and providing Indians opportunities for scientific education and research 📍 Role in Modern Indian Science ✅ Emerged during the Bengal Renaissance, which fostered intellectual, cultural, and scientific awakening across India ✅ Became a pioneering institution that transformed the landscape of modern Indian science ✅ Encouraged generations of Indian scientists to pursue scientific inquiry and contribute to global knowledge 📍 C.V. Raman and IACS ✅ C.V. Raman carried out his pioneering research at IACS while serving as a government officer ✅ Discovered the Raman Effect at IACS, announced on 28 February 1928 ✅ Awarded the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics, becoming the first Asian scientist to win a Nobel Prize in the sciences 📍 Significance ✅ Symbolised India’s aspiration to create scientific knowledge, not merely learn science ✅ Nurtured generations of scientists and strengthened India’s scientific research ecosystem ✅ Continues to contribute to scientific excellence, innovation, and national development 📍 Mains Question “Discuss the role of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) in promoting scientific self-reliance and shaping the development of modern Indian science” (10 Marks, 150 Words) #ScienceAndTechnology

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🔆 India’s First Indigenous Expendable Turbojet Engine 📍 Why in News? ✅ India achieved a major milestone in aerospace technology with the successful development of its first indigenous expendable turbojet engine 📍 Key Highlights ✅ Designed by DRDO’s Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) ✅ Manufactured by Azad Engineering, Hyderabad ✅ Engine formally delivered to GTRE ✅ Thrust Class: 350 kg ✅ Developed for defence applications, particularly expendable aerial platforms 📍 What is an Expendable Turbojet Engine? ✅ A single-use jet engine designed for platforms such as cruise missiles and loitering munitions ✅ Optimised for high speed, compact size, and cost-effectiveness ✅ Does not require recovery or reuse after the mission 📍 Working Mechanism ✅ Air Intake & Compression – Incoming air is compressed to increase pressure ✅ Combustion – Fuel mixes with compressed air and burns, generating high-temperature gases ✅ Turbine – Expanding gases rotate the turbine, which drives the compressor ✅ Nozzle – Exhaust gases exit at high speed, producing thrust based on Newton’s Third Law of Motion 📍 Significance ✅ Strengthens Aatmanirbhar Bharat in critical aerospace technologies ✅ Reduces dependence on imported propulsion systems ✅ Enhances indigenous capability in missile and UAV propulsion ✅ Demonstrates India’s growing expertise in advanced metallurgy, precision engineering, and gas turbine technology 📍 UPSC Value Addition ✅ GTRE is a laboratory of DRDO engaged in the design and development of gas turbine engines for defence applications ✅ Turbojet Engine produces thrust primarily through high-velocity exhaust gases and is suitable for high-speed flight 📍 Mains Question “Indigenous aero-engine technology is a critical pillar of India’s strategic autonomy in defence manufacturing. Discuss with reference to the development of India’s first indigenous expendable turbojet engine.” (15 Marks, 250 Words) #GS3 #prelims #science_technology #science_and_technology Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC https://t.me/upsc_science_and_technology

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🔆 India’s Space-Tech Sector Hits Record Funding in 2025 📍 Why in Focus? ✅ India’s space-tech startups raised a record $200 million in 2025, with Bengaluru emerging as the country’s leading space innovation hub, according to a Tracxn report. 📍 Key Highlights ✅ Bengaluru attracted more than half of the total funding in 2025. ✅ Funding increased from $43 million (2021) to $200 million (2025), reflecting rapid ecosystem growth. ✅ Seed-stage funding rose from $7 million (2022) to $62 million (2025), while late-stage funding emerged for the first time. ✅ Investor base expanded from domestic VCs and angel investors to sovereign wealth funds and global institutional investors. 📍 Significance ✅ Strengthens India’s private space ecosystem and supports commercialisation of space technologies. ✅ Promotes innovation in launch vehicles, satellites, Earth observation, and downstream applications. ✅ Supports the vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat and India’s ambition to become a global space economy leader. 📍 UPSC Value Addition ✅ IN-SPACe: Promotes and regulates private sector participation in India’s space sector. ✅ Skyroot Aerospace developed Vikram-1, India’s first privately developed orbital-class launch vehicle. 📍 Mains Question “The rise of private space startups is transforming India’s space economy from a government-led programme to an innovation-driven ecosystem.” Discuss. (15 Marks, 250 Words) #ScienceAndTechnology

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🔆 U.S.–Saudi Civil Nuclear Deal: Strategic & Non-Proliferation Concerns 📍 Why in Focus? ✅ The proposed U.S.–Saudi Arabia civil nuclear deal has sparked concerns over nuclear proliferation, Middle East geopolitics, and the future of the Abraham Accords. 📍 Key Highlights ✅ Saudi Arabia seeks nuclear energy to support Vision 2030, diversify its economy, and free more oil and gas for exports. ✅ The deal reportedly permits a peaceful nuclear programme but leaves ambiguity regarding uranium enrichment on Saudi soil. ✅ The U.S. later linked the deal to Saudi Arabia joining the Abraham Accords, creating uncertainty over the agreement. ✅ Critics argue the deal may weaken the global nuclear non-proliferation regime and further complicate regional tensions with Iran. 📍 Concerns ✅ No mandatory adoption of the IAEA Additional Protocol, limiting international safeguards and inspections. ✅ Enrichment capability could increase the risk of future nuclear weaponisation. ✅ Changing U.S. conditions have reduced Saudi confidence and may harden Iran’s negotiating position. 📍 UPSC Value Addition ✅ NPT: Recognises the right to peaceful nuclear energy while preventing nuclear weapons proliferation. ✅ IAEA Additional Protocol: Expands inspection powers and strengthens verification of peaceful nuclear activities. ✅ Abraham Accords (2020): Agreements normalising relations between Israel and several Arab states. 📍 Mains Question “Civil nuclear cooperation must balance energy security with global non-proliferation objectives.” Examine in the context of the proposed U.S.–Saudi Arabia civil nuclear deal. (15 Marks, 250 Words) #ScienceAndTechnology