UPSC Materials Notes

*🛡️Women & Gender Data Highlights* ♟️Overall sex ratio = 1020 women for every 1000 men, sex ratios at birth abnormally low = 929/1000 ♟️Increase in share of gender budget in total union budget to 6.5% in 2024 ♟️Female Labour Force Participation Rate - 2023 = 37% (2018 = 23%), global average = 65% ♟️PMJDY - 55% account holders are women ♟️India ranked 129/146 in Global Gender Gap Index 2024, ranked behind neighbours like B’desh (99), China (106), Nepal (117), Sri Lanka (122), Bhutan (124) ♟️Women in India on average earn 70% of what men earn for the same job (globally = 80%) ♟️Women in Indian Parliament = 14.7% (lower than global avg of 27%) ♟️Literacy rate of women in India is 65% while that of men is 82% ♟️Women make up > 40% of STEM graduates but constitue < 15% of STEM professionals employed in R&D institutions ♟️More than 90% of women are involved in unpaid domestic services for household members (men = 27%) ♟️57% of the women aged 15-49 are anaemic ♟️74.10% of married women have their demand for family planning met by any modern method ♟️210 among every 1,000 persons in managerial positions are women ♟️55.63% Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan accounts held by women.

*🏔️ Highest Peaks of Indian States* 👉 Trick: “Kanchen loves Kamal” Kanchen ➨ Kanchenjunga (Sikkim) Kamal ➨ Kamet (Uttarakhand) Nanda ➨ Nanda Devi (Uttarakhand) Anai ➨ Anai Mudi (Kerala – South India’s highest) *🌍 Countries bordering India* 👉 Trick: “My Brother Never Bangs China” My ➨ Myanmar Brother ➨ Bhutan Never ➨ Nepal Bangs ➨ Bangladesh China ➨ China (Also Pakistan – easy to remember separately) *🛕 States where Sun Temple is located* 👉 Trick: “Kota Mod Sun” Ko ➨ Konark (Odisha) Ta ➨ Tamil Nadu (Kumbakonam, etc.) Mo ➨ Modhera (Gujarat) *🛣️ National Highways – Golden Quadrilateral Cities* 👉 Trick: “DKCM” = Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai D ➨ Delhi K ➨ Kolkata C ➨ Chennai M ➨ Mumbai *🏞️ Indian Rivers & Their Nicknames* 👉 Trick: “G-G-KM” Ganga ➨ Holy River Godavari ➨ Dakshin Ganga (Ganga of the South) Krishna ➨ Maharashtra’s lifeline Mahanadi ➨ Odisha’s lifeline *🏛️ First in Indian Constitution* 👉 Trick: “Raja made Ambedkar drink” Raja ➨ Rajendra Prasad (First President) Made ➨ Rajendra Prasad again (First Food Minister) Ambedkar ➨ First Law Minister Drink ➨ Sukumar Sen (First CEC – Election)

🇮🇳 Republic Day Sale - EXTENDED! 🇮🇳 🔥 UPTO 77% OFF + DOUBLE VALIDITY on ALL StudyIQ Courses This is the final opportunity to get more time at the lowest price. 📚 Classes | Mentorship | Tests | Strategy Everything your UPSC prep needs — in one place ✔️ 🎁 Use Code: UNITY for maximum savings 📞 Still thinking? Talk to an expert NOW: 76-4000-3000 👉 Enrol before the window shuts: https://studyiq.u9ilnk.me/d/AmJ7jhlx7l ⚠️ Once this ends, prices go up. Decide today.

*🛡️Sixth Schedule* ♟️Provides power to tribal communities to administer tribal areas in Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, And Mizoram under art 244 (2) and art 275 (1) of the constitution. *💎Advantages* ♟️Democratic devolution of powers ♟️Preserves and promotes distinct culture of region ♟️Protect agrarian rights such as land ♟️Enhance transfer of funds *💎Issues* ♟️Limited geographical coverage ♟️Financial mismanagement and rampant corruption ♟️Financial dependency over state authority ♟️Conflicts over consultation between governor and council of ministers ♟️Lack authority of resources for implementing schemes like mgnrega. ♟️Lack of codification of customary laws ♟️Lack of skilled professionals. ♟️Creation of elected village councils ♟️Regular election by state election commission ♟️Recognize gram sabha under laws ♟️Bring transparency in planning, implementation, and monitoring of developmental programmes.

*🛡️Foreign Invasions Before Mauryan Empire* *💎Iranian (Persian) Invasion (550 - 330 BCE)* ♟️Cyrus the Great (558 - 530 BCE): First foreign invader, captured Gandhara. ♟️Darius I (522 - 486 BCE): Annexed Sind, Punjab, NWFP (516 BCE), making Gandhara a Persian satrapy. ♟️Xerxes (486 - 465 BCE): Recruited Indian troops but failed to expand further. ♟️Decline (330 BCE): Darius III lost control of Indian territories after Alexander’s invasion. *💎Impact of Persian Invasion* ♟️Political: Exposed India’s military weakness, influenced administrative structures. ♟️Trade & Economy: Opened Indus-Arabian Sea trade routes and introduced Persian coinage techniques. ♟️Culture: Kharoshthi script evolved from Persian Aramaic; Persian masonry influenced Mauryan art.

🇮🇳 Republic Day Sale - EXTENDED! 🇮🇳 🔥 UPTO 77% OFF + DOUBLE VALIDITY on ALL StudyIQ Courses This is the final opportunity to get more time at the lowest price. 📚 Classes | Mentorship | Tests | Strategy Everything your UPSC prep needs — in one place ✔️ 🎁 Use Code: UNITY for maximum savings 📞 Still thinking? Talk to an expert NOW: 76-4000-3000 👉 Enrol before the window shuts: https://studyiq.u9ilnk.me/d/AmJ7jhlx7l ⚠️ Once this ends, prices go up. Decide today.

*🛡️Important Conferences Related to Environment* ♟️Ramsar Convention - 1971 ♟️Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora - 1973 ♟️Montreal Protocol - 1987 ♟️Vienna Convention - 1988 ♟️Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) - 1992 ♟️United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) - 1992 ♟️Basel Convention - 1989 ♟️Rio Summit - 1992 ♟️Stockholm Convention - 2001 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety - 2000 ♟️UN-REDD - 2008 ♟️Nagoya Protocol - 2010 ♟️Minamata Convention - 2013 ♟️United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) - 1994 ♟️Kyoto Protocol - 1997 ♟️Rotterdam Convention - 1998

✅ उत्तर प्रदेश की राजधानी क्या है❓

Q. आप किस परीक्षा की तैयारी कर रहे हैं? Q. Which exam are you prepared?

*🛡️Amendment By Simple Majority* ♟️A number of provisions in the Constitution can be amended by a simple majority of the two Houses of Parliament outside the scope of Article 368. These provisions include:- 1. Admission or establishment of new states. 2. Formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing states. 3. Abolition or creation of legislative councils in states. 4. Second Schedule–emoluments, allowances, privileges and so on of the president, the governors, the Speakers, judges, etc. 5. Quorum in Parliament. 6. Salaries and allowances of the members of Parliament. 7. Rules of procedure in Parliament. 8. Privileges of the Parliament, its members and its committees. 9. Use of English language in Parliament. 10. Number of puisne judges in the Supreme Court. 11. Conferment of more jurisdiction on the Supreme Court. 12. Use of official language. 13. Citizenship–acquisition and termination. 14. Elections to Parliament and state legislatures. 15. Delimitation of constituencies. 16. Union territories. 17. Fifth Schedule–administration of scheduled areas and scheduled tribes. 18. Sixth Schedule–administration of tribal areas.

*🛡️Bhakti Saint & their time Period* ♟️Shankara (788 - 820 AD) ♟️Ramanuja (1017-1137 A.D) ♟️Basava (12th Century) ♟️Madhva (1238-1319 AD) ♟️Ramanada (15th century) ♟️Kabir (1440-1510 AD) ♟️Chaitanya (1468-1533 AD) ♟️Guru Nanak Dev (1469-1538 AD) ♟️Purandara (15th century) ♟️Dadu Dayal (1544-1603 AD) ♟️Surdas (1483-1563 AD) ♟️Vallabhacharya (1479-1531 AD) ♟️Shankaradeva (1499-1569 AD) ♟️Mirabai (1498-1563 AD) ♟️Haridas (1478-1573 AD) ♟️Tulasidas (1532-1623 AD) ♟️Namdeva (1270-1309 AD) ♟️Jnanesvar (1275-1296 AD) ♟️Eknath (1533-1599AD) ♟️Tukaram (1608?- 1650AD).

India–EU Partnership: A Strategic Momentum 🇮🇳🇪🇺 🌟 Key Highlights 🌟 📊 $136 Billion Trade: The EU is India’s largest goods trading partner in 2024–25 💼 Services Surge: Indian services exports doubled to €37 billion between 2019 and 2024 🤝 Tech & Green Focus: Trade and Technology Council driving digital & clean energy cooperation 🛡️ Security Ties Deepen: Talks underway for a new India–EU Security & Defence Partnership 🌍 People Connect: Over 9.3 lakh Indians reside in the EU, strengthening mobility and education links 📌 Why it matters: The upcoming 16th India–EU Summit (Jan 2026) signals a stronger, future-ready partnership.

Happy Republic Day 🇮🇳 गणतंत्र दिवस की शुभकामनाएँ 🇮🇳 Jai Hind! 🇮🇳| जय हिंद!🇮🇳 🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳

🔻आप कौन हो❓❓

Q. आप किस परीक्षा की तैयारी कर रहे हैं? Q. Which exam are you prepared?

🛡️ *Major Environmental Institutes* ♟️National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) —Nagpur, Maharashtra ♟️Central Avian Research Institute —Izzatnagar, Barreilly ♟️Largest museum in India —Chennai, Tamil Nadu ♟️Largest fish aquarium in India —Mumbai, Maharashtra ♟️Largest Zoo in India —Alipur, Kolkata. best study channel-study for civil services ♟️Largest bird park in India —Bharatpur, Rajasthan ♟️Largest Zoo in the World —Kruger National Park

*🛡️Climate Change Performance Index* *♟️Launched* at COP30 - Belem,Brazil *♟️Published by:* Germanwatch, New Climate Institute,Climate Action Network International *♟️Purpose:* Tracks climate mitigation progress of the world’s largest emitters *♟️Key Indicators -* GHG Emissions, Renewable Energy, Energy Use, Climate Policy *♟️Coverage:* 63 countries + European Union (account for >90% of global GHG emissions) *♟️Top Performers -* Denmark (3rd), United Kingdom(4th), Morocco(5th) *♟️Note:* No country occupies the top three positions because none is fully Paris-compatible. ♟️INDIA ranks 23rd, Sharp fall of 13 places (10th to 23rd). -Moves from High to Medium Performer.

*🛡️Climate Change Performance Index* *♟️Launched* at COP30 - Belem,Brazil *♟️Published by:* Germanwatch, New Climate Institute,Climate Action Network International *♟️Purpose:* Tracks climate mitigation progress of the world’s largest emitters *♟️Key Indicators -* GHG Emissions, Renewable Energy, Energy Use, Climate Policy *♟️Coverage:* 63 countries + European Union (account for >90% of global GHG emissions) *♟️Top Performers -* Denmark (3rd), United Kingdom(4th), Morocco(5th) *♟️Note:* No country occupies the top three positions because none is fully Paris-compatible. ♟️INDIA ranks 23rd, Sharp fall of 13 places (10th to 23rd). -Moves from High to Medium Performer.

✅ उत्तर प्रदेश की राजधानी क्या है❓