UPSC GEOGRAPHY

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◇ On the basis of the period of origin, folded mountains are divided into :- • old folded mountains and • new folded mountains - All the old folded mountains were originated before Tertiary period. The Alpine folded mountains of Tertiary period are grouped under the category of new folded mountains, for example, Rockies, Andes, Alps, Himalayas etc. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

■ FOLDED MOUNTAINS #Mountains Folded mountains are formed due to folding of crustal rocks by compressive forces generated by endogenetic forces coming from within the earth. □ Folded mountains are classified on various bases as follows :- ◇ Folded mountains are divided into 2 broad categories on the basis of the nature of folds. • simple folded mountains with open folds-Such mountains are characterized by well-developed system of anticlines and synclines wherein folds are arranged in wave-like pattern. These mountains have open and relatively simple folds. • complex folded mountains represent very complex structure of intensely compressed folds. Such complex structure of folds is called ‘nappe. ◇ Folded mountains are classified into - • young folded mountains (which are least affected by denudational processes) and • mature folded mountains.

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• Block mountains may be formed when the side blocks of two faults move downward whereas the middle block remains stable at its place. • Block mountains may be formed when the middle block between two normal faults moves downward. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

■ BLOCK MOUNTAINS #Mountains ◇ Block mountains represent the upstanding parts of the ground between two faults or on either side of a rift valley or a graben Essentially, block mountains are formed due to faulting the ground surface. ◇ Block mountains are generally of two basic types :- • tilted block mountains having one steep side represented by fault scarp and one gentle side and • lifted block mountains represent real horst and are characterized by flattened summit of tabular shape and very steep side slopes represented by two boundary fault scarps. Block mountains are also called as horst mountains. ◇ Block mountains are formed in a number of ways :- • Block mountains are formed due to upward movement of middle block between two normal faults. The upthrown block is also called as horst. The summital area of such block mountain is of flat surface but the side slopes are very steep.

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■ CLASSIFICATION OF MOUNTAINS □ On the basis of location ◇ Continental mountains • Coastal mountains, examples : Appalachians, Rockies, Alpine Mountain chains, Western and Eastern Ghats of India etc. • Inland mountains: examples, Ural Mountains (Russia), Vosges and Black Forest block mountains (Europe), Himalayas, Aravallis, Satpura, Maikal, Kaimurs etc. (India), Kunlun, Tienshan, Altai etc. (Asia) etc. ◇ Oceanic mountains—Most of the oceanic mountains are below the water surface (below sea level). Oceanic mountains are located on continental shelves and ocean floors. Some oceanic mountains are also well above sea level. If the height of the mountains is considered from the oceanic floor and not from the sea level, many of the oceanic mountains will become much higher than the Mount Everest. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes