UPSC GEOGRAPHY

■ THE LESSER HIMALAYAS. ◇ Also called - Himalayas and Lower Himalayas. ◇ Lies between shiwaliks in south and Greater himalayas in North. ◇ 60 - 80km wide. ◇ 2400 km length. ◇ Southern slopes - steep and bare and Northern slopes - Gentle and forest covered. □ IMPORTANT RANGES ◇ Pir panjal range - J & K. ◇ Dhaola dhar range - HP. ◇ Mussorie range and Nag tibba range - UK. ◇ Mahabharat range - Nepal. ▪︎Join - @upsc_geography_notes

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■ SHIWALIK RANGES. ◇ Lies between Great plains and Lesser himalayas. ◇ Altitude varies between 600 - 1500m. ◇ Runs for distance of 2400km from Potwar plateau (west) to Brahmaputra valley (east). ◇ Souther slope steep while Northern slope Gentle. ◇ Slopes are highly dissected by seasonal steams called Chaos. □ FORMATION Shiwaliks are consolidated sands, gravels, conglomerate deposits which brought by Rivers flowing from Higher ranges. □ DIFFERENT NAMES ◇ Jammu region - Jammu hills. ◇ Arunachal pradesh - Dafla, miri, abor hills. ◇ UK - Dhang range, Dundwa range. ◇ Nepal - Churia ghat hills.

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■ MAGNETOSPHERE #Magneticfield ◇ The magnetosphere is the region above the ionosphere that is defined by the extent of the Earth's magnetic field in space. ◇ It extends several tens of thousands of kilometres into space, protecting the Earth from the charged particles of the solar wind and cosmic rays that would otherwise strip away the upper atmosphere, including the ozone layer that protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. ◇ Many cosmic rays are kept out of the Solar system by the Sun's magnetosphere called heliosphere. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

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■ GEOMAGNETIC POLES #Magneticfield ◇ The Geomagnetic poles (dipole poles) are the intersections of the Earth's surface and the axis of a bar magnet hypothetically placed at the centre the Earth. ◇ There is such a pole in each hemisphere, and the poles are called as "the geomagnetic north pole" and "the geomagnetic south pole", respectively. ◇ Approximately, geomagnetic dipole is currently tilted at an angle of about 11 degrees to Earth's rotational axis. ◇ On the other hand, the magnetic poles (the magnetic north pole and the magnetic south pole) are the points at which magnetic needles become vertical. ◇ The difference in the position of magnetic poles and geomagnetic poles is due to the uneven and complex distribution of the earth’s magnetic field. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

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■ MAGNETIC INCLINATION or MAGNETIC DIP #Magneticfield ◇ Magnetic dip, dip angle, or magnetic inclination is the angle made with the horizontal by the Earth's magnetic field lines. ◇ In simple terms, magnetic inclination is the angle made by a compass needle when the compass is held in a vertical orientation. ◇ The magnetic equator is the irregular imaginary line, passing round the earth near the equator, on which a magnetic needle has no dip (because magnetic field lines are parallel to the horizontal at the equator). ◇ Again, the magnetic equator, like the magnetic field and poles, is not fixed. ◇ Magnetic dip at the magnetic equator is 0,֯ and at the magnetic poles, it is 90. ◇ Importance: The phenomenon of magnetic dip is important in aviation, as it causes the aeroplane's compass to give erroneous readings during banked turns and airspeed changes. Necessary corrections need to be made to the compass reading to stay in the right course. ▪︎ JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

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