UPSC GEOGRAPHY

■ IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY #industries ◇ Iron and steel is the basic or key industry and lays the foundation of a vibrant industrial economy. ◇ Most of the subsidiaries industries such as automobiles, locomotives, rail tracks, ship-building, machine building, bridges, dams etc. ◇ The first iron and steel unit on modern lines was established in 1830 at port nova in Tamil nadu. It was closed down in 1866. 4. The real beginning of modern iron and steel industry was made in 1907 only when tata iron and steel company (TISCO). ◇ During the second five year plan, three integrated steel projects were started at Bhilai, Rourkela and Durgapur. ◇ India is eight largest producer of steel in the world. ▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

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■ MAN-MADE FIBRES □ Raw materials ◇ Man-made fibers are generally divided into 2 groups – Cellulose(rayon and acetate) and non-cellulose (nylon,Polysters etc) ◇ Raw material for producing viscose rayon yarn is the cellulose pulp derived from bamboo, eucalyptus and other soft wood trees. ◇ For acetate yarn and staple fibre, the primary raw material are alcohol and cotton linters. □ Growth and development ◇ The man made fibre weaving units were started between 925 and 1935 when cost of pure silk fabrics became exorbitant. ◇ The powerlooms and handloom had been using imported fibre till 1950 when a factory was established by Travancore rayons ltd at rayapuram in kerala to manufacture synthetic fibre. ◇ This was followed by National rayon co. at Mumbai and sirsilk ltd. at Hyderabad. ▪︎ @upsc_geography_notes

■ MAN-MADE FIBRES □ Raw materials ◇ Man-made fibers are generally divided into 2 groups – Cellulose(rayon and acetate) and non-cellulose (nylon,Polysters etc) ◇ Raw material for producing viscose rayon yarn is the cellulose pulp derived from bamboo, eucalyptus and other soft wood trees. ◇ For acetate yarn and staple fibre, the primary raw material are alcohol and cotton linters. □ Growth and development ◇ The man made fibre weaving units were started between 925 and 1935 when cost of pure silk fabrics became exorbitant. ◇ The powerlooms and handloom had been using imported fibre till 1950 when a factory was established by Travancore rayons ltd at rayapuram in kerala to manufacture synthetic fibre. ◇ This was followed by National rayon co. at Mumbai and sirsilk ltd. at Hyderabad. ▪︎ @upsc_geography_notes

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■ DISTRIBUTION OF SILK INDUSTRIES □ Karnataka ◇ Foremost silk producing state in India. ◇ It produces only mulberry silk accounts for over 50% of mulberry silk of the country. ◇ Mysuru, Bengaluru, Kolar, Mandya, Tumkur, Belgaum and Kodagu district. □ West Bengal ◇ Produces about 13 percent of country’s total silk, most of which is of mulberry variety. □ Jammu and Kashmir ◇ Has its main silk textile centres in Anantnag, Baramula, Jammu and Udhampur districts. □ Jharkhand ◇ Ranchi, Palau and Hazaribagh are important producers. □ EXPORTS ◇ The Indian silk is demanded in American, European as well as Asian markets. ◇ The USA, UK, Russia, Saudi arabia , Kuwait and Singapore are major importer of silk products. ◇ The tough competition with Italy and Japan caused a setback to exports. ▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

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■ SILK INDUSTRY ◇ India produces all five known commercial varieties of silk – mulberry, Tropical tasar, Oak tasar, Eri and muga ( of which golden yellow muga silk is unique to India). ◇ Total silk production amounting to 17% of the world’s population, ranks india’s as second largest producer of raw silk, next to china. ◇ Tasar, eri and muga are collectively called Vanya (wild) as these silks are mostly the products of the forests. ◇ Tasar silk is produced in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, MP, Bihar and parts of odisha where it has great potential to enhance livelihood of people. ◇ The oak tasar culture is now practised in the sub-himalayan state like Manipur, HP, UP, Assam, Meghalaya and J and K. ◇ Eri silk ranks first among non-mulberry silk production and is mostly produced in hill tracks of the north-eastern states besides some parts of Bihar, WB and odisha. ◇ Mugas silk – Also known as Golden silk is exclusively found in Assam and is distributed in the Brahmaputra valley. ▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

■ SILK INDUSTRY ◇ India produces all five known commercial varieties of silk – mulberry, Tropical tasar, Oak tasar, Eri and muga ( of which golden yellow muga silk is unique to India). ◇ Total silk production amounting to 17% of the world’s population, ranks india’s as second largest producer of raw silk, next to china. ◇ Tasar, eri and muga are collectively called Vanya (wild) as these silks are mostly the products of the forests. ◇ Tasar silk is produced in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, MP, Bihar and parts of odisha where it has great potential to enhance livelihood of people. ◇ The oak tasar culture is now practised in the sub-himalayan state like Manipur, HP, UP, Assam, Meghalaya and J and K. ◇ Eri silk ranks first among non-mulberry silk production and is mostly produced in hill tracks of the north-eastern states besides some parts of Bihar, WB and odisha. ◇ Mugas silk – Also known as Golden silk is exclusively found in Assam and is distributed in the Brahmaputra valley. ▪︎@upsc_geography_notes

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■ SILK INDUSTRY ◇ India produces all five known commercial varieties of silk – mulberry, Tropical tasar, Oak tasar, Eri and muga ( of which golden yellow muga silk is unique to India). ◇ Total silk production amounting to 17% of the world’s population, ranks india’s as second largest producer of raw silk, next to china. ◇ Tasar, eri and muga are collectively called Vanya (wild) as these silks are mostly the products of the forests. ◇ Tasar silk is produced in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, MP, Bihar and parts of odisha where it has great potential to enhance livelihood of people. ◇ The oak tasar culture is now practised in the sub-himalayan state like Manipur, HP, UP, Assam, Meghalaya and J and K. ◇ Eri silk ranks first among non-mulberry silk production and is mostly produced in hill tracks of the north-eastern states besides some parts of Bihar, WB and odisha. ◇ Mugas silk – Also known as Golden silk is exclusively found in Assam and is distributed in the Brahmaputra valley. ▪︎@upsc_geography_notes