upsc mindmaps

Art and Culture

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Indian Star Tortoise (Geochelone elegans)

NITI Aayog Completed 10 Years of its Foundation in January 2025

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Social Issues : “WOMEN” Violence Against Women & Safeguards (2) Important Legislations

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🔆 Mitochondrial Donation Treatment (MDT) An advanced reproductive technique using healthy mitochondrial DNA from a donor to prevent transmission of mitochondrial diseases. 📍Key Benefits ✅ Prevents inherited diseases – avoids passing mitochondrial disorders. ✅ Genetic continuity – retains parents’ nuclear DNA. ✅ Supports same-sex couples – enables both partners to contribute genetically. ✅ Reduces long-term healthcare costs. ✅ Drives medical innovation – encourages research and new tech. ✅ India status – currently not permitted. 📍Key Concerns ✅ Health risks to donors – egg retrieval is invasive. ✅ Ethical dilemmas – child’s identity, psychological impacts. ✅ Access inequality – risk of exploitation and elite monopoly. ✅ Data gap – limited evidence on safety. ✅ High cost – unaffordable for many. 📍Way Forward ✅ Need for regulatory body, ethical safeguards, and clinical trials before adoption.

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🔆 Significance of Gupta Temple Architecture 📍 Key Features ✅ Temple Building Manuals: Manuals were made to guide temple construction, showing a planned and systematic approach. ✅ Start of Shikhara (Spire): The curving tower called Shikhara was introduced, starting the Nagara style seen in later North Indian temples. ✅ Different Temple Designs: Temples were built in square, rectangular, and circular shapes, showing creativity and new ideas. ✅ Focus on Hindu Worship: Most temples were Hindu, dedicated to gods like Vishnu, Shiva, and Shakti, reflecting the religious spirit of the time.