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🔹Q51. Which of the following is considered one of the key steps in the induction of most human cancers? 🔹A) Complement fixation on tumor cells 🔹B) Conversion of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes 🔹C) Increased IgE production 🔹D) Activation of eosinophils 🔹✅ Answer: B) Conversion of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes ⸻ 🔹Q52. Conversion of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes may result from all EXCEPT: 🔹A) Mutation 🔹B) Translocation 🔹C) Amplification 🔹D) Complement fixation 🔹✅ Answer: D) Complement fixation ⸻ 🔹Q53. From an immunologic perspective, cancer cells are best described as: 🔹A) Completely foreign microbial cells 🔹B) Normal cells with increased antibody production 🔹C) Altered self-cells escaping growth regulation 🔹D) Cells destroyed only by humoral immunity 🔹✅ Answer: C) Altered self-cells escaping growth regulation ⸻ 🔹Q54. Tumor cells commonly display: 🔹A) Tumor-specific antigens and tumor-associated antigens 🔹B) Bacterial endotoxins only 🔹C) IgE receptors only 🔹D) Complement proteins only 🔹✅ Answer: A) Tumor-specific antigens and tumor-associated antigens ⸻ 🔹Q55. Oncofetal antigens are examples of: 🔹A) Tumor-associated antigens 🔹B) Cytotoxic granules 🔹C) Immune checkpoint inhibitors 🔹D) Macrophage enzymes 🔹✅ Answer: A) Tumor-associated antigens ⸻ 🔹Q56. The immune response to tumors includes all EXCEPT: 🔹A) CTL-mediated lysis 🔹B) NK-cell activity 🔹C) Macrophage-mediated tumor destruction 🔹D) IgE-mediated eosinophil killing 🔹✅ Answer: D) IgE-mediated eosinophil killing ⸻ 🔹Q57. ADCC in tumor immunity means destruction mediated by: 🔹A) Antibody plus immune effector cells 🔹B) Tumor markers in serum 🔹C) Proto-oncogene amplification 🔹D) Tumor suppressor mutation 🔹✅ Answer: A) Antibody plus immune effector cells ⸻ 🔹Q58. Coupling antibodies against tumor antigens with toxins or chemotherapeutic agents aims to: 🔹A) Increase toxicity mainly against normal cells 🔹B) Deliver toxic effect to tumor cells while sparing normal cells 🔹C) Suppress antigen presentation completely 🔹D) Convert tumor cells into macrophages 🔹✅ Answer: B) Deliver toxic effect to tumor cells while sparing normal cells ⸻ 🔹Q59. Experimental cancer immunotherapy includes: 🔹A) Genetically engineering tumor cells to secrete cytokines 🔹B) Blocking all antigen-presenting cells 🔹C) Preventing cytokine release 🔹D) Destroying all T cells 🔹✅ Answer: A) Genetically engineering tumor cells to secrete cytokines ⸻ 🔹Q60. Increasing the activity of antigen-presenting cells is mentioned as a way to: 🔹A) Decrease immune response against tumors 🔹B) Increase immune response against tumors 🔹C) Increase tumor marker secretion only 🔹D) Prevent CTL activation 🔹✅ Answer: B) Increase immune response against tumors

ممكن تجي All except:

🔹B) Tumor marker 🔹C) BCL-2 🔹D) p53 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q45. BCG in cancer immunotherapy mainly acts as: 🔹A) Macrophage activating compound 🔹B) Anti-PD-1 antibody 🔹C) Tumor marker 🔹D) Anti-apoptotic gene 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q46. IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ therapy can increase: 🔹A) Class I MHC 🔹B) AFP secretion 🔹C) BCL-2 overexpression 🔹D) Tumor antigen shedding 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q47. IFN-γ especially increases: 🔹A) Class II MHC on macrophages 🔹B) IgE secretion 🔹C) AFP production 🔹D) CEA production 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q48. TNF-α and TNF-β have: 🔹A) Direct anti-tumor activity 🔹B) Anti-apoptotic activity 🔹C) Tumor marker activity 🔹D) Checkpoint receptor activity 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q49. IL-2 in cancer immunotherapy activates: 🔹A) T cells and NK cells 🔹B) Tumor markers 🔹C) BCL-2 and p53 🔹D) AFP and CEA 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q50. Which genes are mentioned for genetic engineering in cancer immunotherapy? 🔹A) GM-CSF, IL-12, B7 🔹B) AFP, CEA, PSA 🔹C) p53, BCL-2, FasL only 🔹D) PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4 🔹✅ Answer: A

🔹Q22. AFP is associated with all of the following EXCEPT: 🔹A) Primary liver cancer 🔹B) Testicular cancer 🔹C) Ovarian cancer 🔹D) Prostate cancer 🔹✅ Answer: D ⸻ 🔹Q23. CEA is associated with: 🔹A) Colorectal cancer 🔹B) Prostate cancer 🔹C) Follicular lymphoma 🔹D) Breast cancer only 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q24. Which tumor antigen is described as unique to tumor cells and absent from normal cells? 🔹A) TATA 🔹B) TSTA 🔹C) CEA 🔹D) AFP 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q25. TATA mainly refers to: 🔹A) Tumor-specific antigens only 🔹B) Oncofetal tumor-associated antigens 🔹C) Macrophage receptors 🔹D) Checkpoint inhibitors 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q26. Immune surveillance means: 🔹A) Tumors suppress immune cells 🔹B) Recognition and destruction of non-self tumor cells by the immune system 🔹C) Tumors lose all MHC I expression 🔹D) Tumor markers are secreted in urine 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q27. Macrophages can kill tumor cells non-specifically because they are: 🔹A) MHC restricted 🔹B) Not MHC restricted 🔹C) Dependent on IgE 🔹D) CD8 positive 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q28. Macrophage direct anti-tumor killing includes all EXCEPT: 🔹A) Respiratory burst 🔹B) Nitric oxide 🔹C) TNF-α 🔹D) IL-4 mediated IgE switching 🔹✅ Answer: D ⸻ 🔹Q29. In macrophage-mediated ADCC, the macrophage binds antibody on tumor cells through: 🔹A) Fc receptor 🔹B) PD-1 🔹C) CTLA-4 🔹D) MHC II 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q30. NK cells kill antibody-coated tumor cells mainly by releasing: 🔹A) Perforin and granzymes 🔹B) AFP and CEA 🔹C) IL-4 and IL-5 🔹D) Histamine and prostaglandin 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q31. IFN-γ affects NK cells by all of the following EXCEPT: 🔹A) Activating inactive NK cells 🔹B) Hyperactivating already active NK cells 🔹C) Making NK cells resistant to PGE₂ 🔹D) Converting NK cells into plasma cells 🔹✅ Answer: D ⸻ 🔹Q32. CD8⁺ Tc cells kill tumor cells by: 🔹A) IgE and eosinophils 🔹B) Perforin and granzymes 🔹C) AFP and CEA 🔹D) PD-1 and PD-L1 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q33. CD4⁺ Tdth cells act against tumors mainly by: 🔹A) Direct perforin release 🔹B) Cytokine production 🔹C) Producing tumor markers 🔹D) Blocking CTLA-4 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q34. Cytokines released by CD4⁺ Tdth cells in the lecture include all EXCEPT: 🔹A) MIF 🔹B) MAF 🔹C) MCF 🔹D) AFP 🔹✅ Answer: D ⸻ 🔹Q35. Humoral anti-tumor response includes all EXCEPT: 🔹A) Complement fixation 🔹B) Opsonization 🔹C) ADCC 🔹D) Hit-and-run killing by Tc cells 🔹✅ Answer: D ⸻ 🔹Q36. A tumor lowers MHC I expression mainly to escape: 🔹A) CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cells 🔹B) B cells 🔹C) Plasma cells 🔹D) Eosinophils 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q37. Complete loss of MHC I expression can trigger: 🔹A) NK-cell activation 🔹B) BCL-2 overexpression 🔹C) AFP release 🔹D) CEA release 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q38. Tumor cells avoid T-cell activation by losing co-stimulatory molecules such as: 🔹A) CD80/CD86 🔹B) AFP/CEA 🔹C) BCL-2/p53 🔹D) Perforin/granzyme 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q39. FasL expression on tumor cells helps tumors escape by: 🔹A) Activating macrophages 🔹B) Inducing apoptosis of T lymphocytes 🔹C) Increasing MHC I expression 🔹D) Producing AFP 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q40. PD-L1 expression on tumor cells causes: 🔹A) T-cell suppression through PD-1 interaction 🔹B) Macrophage activation through Fc receptor 🔹C) Complement fixation 🔹D) Increased tumor antigen presentation 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q41. Continuous antigen shedding by tumor cells may lead to: 🔹A) Local and systemic tolerance 🔹B) Increased CD8 activation 🔹C) Direct tumor necrosis 🔹D) Increased B7 expression 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q42. PGE₂ secreted by tumors causes: 🔹A) Immune response downregulation 🔹B) Increased Tc killing 🔹C) Increased B7 co-stimulation 🔹D) Increased apoptosis of tumor cells 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q43. Immunotoxins are best described as: 🔹A) Tumor markers in serum 🔹B) Tumor-specific monoclonal antibodies conjugated to tumoricidal substances 🔹C) Cytokines that activate NK cells 🔹D) Cancer vaccines made of killed tumor cells 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q44. “Magic bullet” refers to: 🔹A) Immunotoxin

السمري جدا مهم اقروه

🔹👑 Q18 🔹Tumor markers are primarily used for: 🔹A) Screening healthy individuals 🔹B) Confirming diagnosis and monitoring response to therapy 🔹C) Direct tumor killing 🔹D) Activating T cells 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Or: 🔹👑 Q19 🔹Tumor products used as tumor markers may be found in: 🔹A) Serum only 🔹B) Urine only 🔹C) Serum and urine 🔹D) Saliva only 🔹✅ Answer: C

🔹The checkpoint inhibitor drugs are: 🔹Nivolumab → blocks PD-1 🔹Ipilimumab → blocks CTLA-4 انتبهوووووا مو PDL PD بس ❌❌❌❌

🔹Q1. Which cancer-associated gene promotes cell proliferation when overactive? 🔹A) p53 🔹B) Proto-oncogene 🔹C) BCL-2 🔹D) FasL 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q2. Mutation of p53 is associated with more than 50% of which cancers? 🔹A) Liver & pancreatic 🔹B) Colon & lung 🔹C) Breast & ovarian 🔹D) Prostate & testicular 🔹✅ Answer: C ⸻ 🔹Q3. BCL-2 is classified as: 🔹A) Pro-apoptotic gene 🔹B) Anti-apoptotic gene 🔹C) Tumor marker 🔹D) Oncofetal antigen 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q4. Overexpression of BCL-2 is classically associated with: 🔹A) Colon cancer 🔹B) Follicular lymphoma 🔹C) Cervical cancer 🔹D) Melanoma 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q5. AFP is most strongly associated with: 🔹A) Colorectal cancer 🔹B) Hepatocellular carcinoma 🔹C) Prostate cancer 🔹D) Lung cancer 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q6. CEA is a marker commonly associated with: 🔹A) Colorectal cancer 🔹B) Cervical cancer 🔹C) Breast cancer 🔹D) Lymphoma 🔹✅ Answer: A ⸻ 🔹Q7. PSA stands for: 🔹A) Pancreatic Specific Antigen 🔹B) Prostate Specific Antigen 🔹C) Pulmonary Surface Antigen 🔹D) Primary Serum Antigen 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q8. The fundamental element of anti-tumor immunity is: 🔹A) B lymphocyte 🔹B) NK cell 🔹C) CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cell 🔹D) Macrophage 🔹✅ Answer: C 🔥 This sentence is literally written in the lecture and is a favorite MCQ. ⸻ 🔹Q9. NK cells kill tumor cells mainly by releasing: 🔹A) Histamine & serotonin 🔹B) Perforin & granzymes 🔹C) IL-4 & IL-5 🔹D) IgG & IgM 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q10. Activated macrophages kill tumor cells by ADCC through binding antibodies via: 🔹A) CD4 receptor 🔹B) TCR 🔹C) Fc receptor (FcγR) 🔹D) BCR 🔹✅ Answer: C ⸻ 🔹Q11. Complete loss of MHC I expression triggers activation of: 🔹A) CD4 cells 🔹B) B cells 🔹C) NK cells 🔹D) Plasma cells 🔹✅ Answer: C ⸻ 🔹Q12. Which molecule on tumor cells suppresses T lymphocytes through interaction with PD-1? 🔹A) B7 🔹B) Fas 🔹C) PD-L1 🔹D) CD28 🔹✅ Answer: C ⸻ 🔹Q13. Which approved drug blocks CTLA-4? 🔹A) Nivolumab 🔹B) Ipilimumab 🔹C) Rituximab 🔹D) Trastuzumab 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q14. Which approved drug blocks PD-1? 🔹A) Ipilimumab 🔹B) BCG 🔹C) Nivolumab 🔹D) IL-2 🔹✅ Answer: C ⸻ 🔹Q15. Anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies are collectively called: 🔹A) Immunotoxins 🔹B) Tumor vaccines 🔹C) Checkpoint inhibitors 🔹D) Cytokine genes 🔹✅ Answer: C ⸻ 🔹Q16. BCG is used in cancer immunotherapy mainly as a: 🔹A) Checkpoint inhibitor 🔹B) Macrophage activator 🔹C) Tumor marker 🔹D) Oncofetal antigen 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹Q17. IL-2 therapy mainly causes: 🔹A) B-cell inhibition 🔹B) T-cell and NK-cell activation 🔹C) MHC I loss 🔹D) Apoptosis inhibition 🔹✅ Answer: B ⸻ 🔹👑 If I were predicting the 5 MOST EXAM-LIKELY facts from this lecture: 🔹p53 → breast & ovarian cancer 🔹BCL-2 → anti-apoptosis → follicular lymphoma 🔹AFP → hepatocellular carcinoma 🔹CEA → colorectal cancer 🔹CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cell = fundamental anti-tumor immunity 🔥 These five are probably the highest-yield facts in the entire lecture.

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جدا مهمات ذني ملخص لكل الرموز الي بالمحاضرة

🔹p53 → Tumor suppressor gene → Stops cell division → Mutation = cancer 🔹BCL-2 → Anti-apoptosis gene → Prevents cell death → ↑ BCL-2 = Follicular lymphoma 🔹AFP → Marker for liver cancer → Also ↑ in testicular & ovarian cancer 🔹CEA → Marker for colorectal cancer → Also ↑ in pancreatic cancer 🔹PSA → Marker for prostate cancer ⸻ 🔹CTLA-4 → Brake on T cells → Turns T cells OFF 🔹Ipilimumab → Anti-CTLA-4 → Removes T-cell brake 🔹PD-1 → Brake on T cells 🔹PD-L1 → Found on tumor cells → Turns T cells OFF 🔹Nivolumab → Anti-PD-1 → Reactivates T cells ⸻ 🔹CD80/CD86 = B7 → Co-stimulatory signal → Needed for T-cell activation 🔹MHC I → Presents to CD8 cells 🔹MHC II → Presents to CD4 cells ⸻ 🔹Tc → Cytotoxic T cell → CD8 → Main anti-tumor cell 🔹NK → Natural Killer cell → Kills without MHC restriction 🔹Tdth → CD4 helper cell → Kills indirectly by cytokines ⸻ 🔹FcγR → Receptor for IgG Fc portion → Used in ADCC 🔹ADCC → Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity → Antibody + NK/macrophage = tumor killing ⸻ 🔹IFN-α / IFN-β → ↑ MHC I 🔹IFN-γ → ↑ MHC I & II → Activates macrophages, NK, CD8 🔹IL-2 → Activates T cells & NK cells 🔹TNF-α / TNF-β → Direct anti-tumor activity ⸻ 🔹BCG → Activates macrophages 🔹CAR-T → Genetically engineered T cell 🔹Cancer Vaccine → Teaches immune system tumor antigens ⸻ 🔹GM-CSF → Stimulates immune cells 🔹IL-12 → Activates NK & T cells ⸻ 🔹FasL → Tumor kills T cells through Fas-FasL interaction 🔹PGE₂ → Tumor suppresses immune response ⸻ 🔹🔥 Absolute exam favorites: ▪ p53 → Tumor suppressor ▪ BCL-2 → Anti-apoptosis → Follicular lymphoma ▪ AFP → Liver cancer ▪ CEA → Colon cancer ▪ PSA → Prostate cancer ▪ CTLA-4 → Ipilimumab ▪ PD-1 → Nivolumab ▪ B7 = CD80/CD86 ▪ Tc = CD8 ▪ CAR-T = Engineered T cell ▪ BCG = Macrophage activator 👑

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