stuff 🩷

هاي انتم من تتذكرون النمونكس مال قناة:

احس الجو حيل نيردي صار بالقناة من يمي اختنكت

جدا مهمات ذني ملخص لكل الرموز الي بالمحاضرة

🔹p53 → Tumor suppressor gene → Stops cell division → Mutation = cancer 🔹BCL-2 → Anti-apoptosis gene → Prevents cell death → ↑ BCL-2 = Follicular lymphoma 🔹AFP → Marker for liver cancer → Also ↑ in testicular & ovarian cancer 🔹CEA → Marker for colorectal cancer → Also ↑ in pancreatic cancer 🔹PSA → Marker for prostate cancer ⸻ 🔹CTLA-4 → Brake on T cells → Turns T cells OFF 🔹Ipilimumab → Anti-CTLA-4 → Removes T-cell brake 🔹PD-1 → Brake on T cells 🔹PD-L1 → Found on tumor cells → Turns T cells OFF 🔹Nivolumab → Anti-PD-1 → Reactivates T cells ⸻ 🔹CD80/CD86 = B7 → Co-stimulatory signal → Needed for T-cell activation 🔹MHC I → Presents to CD8 cells 🔹MHC II → Presents to CD4 cells ⸻ 🔹Tc → Cytotoxic T cell → CD8 → Main anti-tumor cell 🔹NK → Natural Killer cell → Kills without MHC restriction 🔹Tdth → CD4 helper cell → Kills indirectly by cytokines ⸻ 🔹FcγR → Receptor for IgG Fc portion → Used in ADCC 🔹ADCC → Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity → Antibody + NK/macrophage = tumor killing ⸻ 🔹IFN-α / IFN-β → ↑ MHC I 🔹IFN-γ → ↑ MHC I & II → Activates macrophages, NK, CD8 🔹IL-2 → Activates T cells & NK cells 🔹TNF-α / TNF-β → Direct anti-tumor activity ⸻ 🔹BCG → Activates macrophages 🔹CAR-T → Genetically engineered T cell 🔹Cancer Vaccine → Teaches immune system tumor antigens ⸻ 🔹GM-CSF → Stimulates immune cells 🔹IL-12 → Activates NK & T cells ⸻ 🔹FasL → Tumor kills T cells through Fas-FasL interaction 🔹PGE₂ → Tumor suppresses immune response ⸻ 🔹🔥 Absolute exam favorites: ▪ p53 → Tumor suppressor ▪ BCL-2 → Anti-apoptosis → Follicular lymphoma ▪ AFP → Liver cancer ▪ CEA → Colon cancer ▪ PSA → Prostate cancer ▪ CTLA-4 → Ipilimumab ▪ PD-1 → Nivolumab ▪ B7 = CD80/CD86 ▪ Tc = CD8 ▪ CAR-T = Engineered T cell ▪ BCG = Macrophage activator 👑

الفرق بينهم لان حسيتهم متشابهين

🔹🦾 CAR-T(Chimeric Antigen Receptor) → Change the T cell → Genetically engineered T cells → Direct tumor killing 🔹🎯 Cancer Vaccine → Teach the T cell → Gives tumor antigens to immune system → Stimulates immune response against tumor 🔹🔥 Memory: 🪽 CAR-T = Modify the soldier 🪽 Cancer Vaccine = Train the soldier

نمونك للادوية

واحد راح تكسي بلي جان السايق يكتله وواحد اشترى تلفون نوفا مال هواوي وطلع مال جهال pediatrics🫠 ipli—> CTLA4 Nivu—>PD

🚨 MCQ ALERT Monoclonal anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies are called immune checkpoint inhibitors. Anti-CTLA-4 → Ipilimumab Anti-PD-1 → Nivolumab

🔹A patient receives an immune checkpoint inhibitor that blocks CTLA-4. What is the main effect? 🔹A) Increased apoptosis of T cells 🔹B) Increased activation of T cells 🔹C) Decreased MHC I expression 🔹D) Inhibition of NK cells 🔹✅ Answer: B 🔹CTLA-4 normally acts as a brake on activated T cells. Blocking CTLA-4 removes the brake and increases T-cell activity. ⸻ 🔹👑 MCQ 2 🔹Which drug acts by blocking PD-1 on T lymphocytes? 🔹A) Ipilimumab 🔹B) BCG 🔹C) Nivolumab 🔹D) IL-2 🔹✅ Answer: C 🔹Nivolumab = anti-PD-1 antibody ⸻ 🔹👑 MCQ 3 🔹The interaction that normally switches OFF T lymphocytes is: 🔹A) CD28–B7 🔹B) CTLA-4–CD80/86 🔹C) MHC I–CD8 🔹D) IL-2–IL-2 receptor 🔹✅ Answer: B 🔹CTLA-4 binding CD80/86 sends an inhibitory signal to T cells. ⸻ 🔹👑 MCQ 4 🔹Which immunotherapy uses genetically engineered T cells carrying tumor-specific receptors? 🔹A) Cancer vaccine 🔹B) BCG therapy 🔹C) CAR-T therapy 🔹D) TNF-α therapy 🔹✅ Answer: C 🔹CAR-T = Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cell ⸻ 🔹👑 MCQ 5 🔹PD-1 interaction with PD-L1 leads to: 🔹A) T-cell activation 🔹B) Increased NK activity 🔹C) T-cell suppression or apoptosis 🔹D) Increased IL-2 production 🔹✅ Answer: C 🔹PD-1 + PD-L1 = T cell OFF ❌ ⸻ 🔹👑 MCQ 6 (Sneaky) 🔹Which pair is correctly matched? 🔹A) Ipilimumab — anti-PD-1 🔹B) Nivolumab — anti-CTLA-4 🔹C) BCG — macrophage activator 🔹D) CAR-T — cancer vaccine 🔹✅ Answer: C 🔹BCG activates macrophages against tumors. ⸻ 🔹👑 MCQ 7 (Exam Favorite) 🔹A tumor expresses PD-L1 on its surface. Which therapy would most directly restore CD8⁺ T-cell activity? 🔹A) Nivolumab 🔹B) TNF-α 🔹C) BCG 🔹D) GM-CSF 🔹✅ Answer: A 🔹Nivolumab blocks PD-1, preventing PD-L1-mediated suppression. ⸻ 🔹👑 MCQ 8 🔹Monoclonal anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies are called: 🔹A) Tumor markers 🔹B) Immune checkpoint inhibitors 🔹C) Immunotoxins 🔹D) Cancer vaccines 🔹✅ Answer: B 🔹Why? 🔹CTLA-4 and PD-1 are inhibitory checkpoints on T cells. Blocking them removes the “brake” and increases anti-tumor immunity. 🔹🚨 MCQ ALERT 🔹CTLA-4 inhibitor → Ipilimumab 🔹PD-1 inhibitor → Nivolumab 🔹PD-1 + PD-L1 → T-cell OFF 🔹CTLA-4 + CD80/86 → T-cell OFF 🔹CAR-T = Genetically engineered T cells 🔹BCG = Macrophage activator 🔹CD8⁺ T cells = Main anti-tumor effector cells 🔥

هذا السلايد مهم ذني امسيكيوات تعاجزت اسويهم اقروهم

🚨 MCQ ALERT CTLA-4 inhibitor → Ipilimumab PD-1 inhibitor → Nivolumab PD-1 + PD-L1 interaction suppresses T cells CAR-T cells are genetically engineered T lymphocytes Cancer vaccines expose the immune system to tumor antigens

تسهيل الحفظ بالتعليقات

🚨 MCQ ALERT BCG → macrophage activation IFN-α IFN-β IFN-γ→ increase MHC I IFN-γ → increase MHC II and activate macrophages -Inhibits cell division & proliferation -Increases activity of Natural Killer (NK) cells & Cytotoxic T cells (Tc = CD8⁺) IL-2 → activates T cells and NK cells TNF-α and TNF-β → direct anti-tumor activity Immunotoxin = monoclonal antibody + toxin Immunotoxin ( Magic bullet)

تسهيل الحفظ بالتعليقات

Which immune cell is considered the fundamental element of anti-tumor immunity? 🔹A) B lymphocyte 🔹B) NK cell 🔹C) CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cell 🔹D) Macrophage 🔹✅ Answer: C ممكن هيج شي :)

ملخص 🔥 If tumor wants to escape CD8 T cells → ↓ MHC I expression OR lower sensitivity to IFN-y 🔥If tumor wants to prevent T-cell activation → ↓ B7 (CD80/CD86) → No co-stimulation (Signal 2) 🔥 If tumor wants to kill T cells → Express FasL → FasL + Fas = T-cell apoptosis 🔥 If tumor wants to switch off T cells → Express PD-L1 → Binds PD-1 on T cells → T-cell suppression 🔥 If tumor wants immune tolerance → Antigen shedding 🔥 If tumor wants general immunosuppression → Secretes PGE₂

تسهيل الموضوع بالتعليقات

CD8 DIRECT كبل CD4 InDIRECT و كل وحدة و الاشياء الي تستخدمها مطلوبة شوفوا الشرح بالتعليقات حيل حيسهل الحفظ

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