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■ IS PREAMBLE A PART OF CONSTITUTION ?
#Preamble
◇ In the Berubari Union case (1960), the Supreme Court said that the Preamble shows the general purposes behind the several provisions in the Constitution, and is thus a key to the minds of the makers of the Constitution.
◇ In the Kesavananda Bharati case(1973), It observed that the Preamble is of extreme importance and the Constitution should be read and interpreted in the light of the grand and noble vision expressed in the Preamble.
◇ In the LIC of India case (1995)
also, the Supreme Court again held that the Preamble is an integral part of the Constitution.
◇ However, two things should be noted:-
• The Preamble is neither a source of power to legislature nor a prohibition upon the powers of legislature.
• It is non-justiciable, that is, its provisions are not enforceable in courts of law.
■ EQUALITY
#Preamble
◇ The term ‘equality’ means the absence of special privileges to any section of the society, and the provision of adequate opportunities for all individuals without any discrimination.
◇ The following provisions of the chapter on Fundamental Rights ensure civic equality:-
(a) Equality before the law (Article 14).
(b) Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth (Article 15).
(c) Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment
(Article 16).
(d) Abolition of untouchability (Article 17).
(e) Abolition of titles (Article 18).
◇ There are two provisions in the Constitution that seek to achieve political equality.
1. One, no person is to be declared ineligible for inclusion in electoral rolls on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex (Article 325).
2. Two, elections to the Lok Sabha and the state assemblies to be on the basis of adult suffrage (Article 326).
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✍ LIST OF FESTIVALS OF INDIA :
1. Andhra Pradesh - Dasara, Ugadi, Deccan Festival, Brahmotsavam
2. Arunachal Pradesh - Reh, Boori Boot, Myoko, Dree, Pongtu, Losar, Murung, Solang, Mopin, Monpa festival
3. Assam - Ambubachi, Bhogali Bihu, Baishagu, Dehing Patkai
4. Bihar - Chhath Puja, Bihula
5. Goa - Sunburn festival, Ladain, Mando
6. Gujarat - Navratri, Janmashtami, Kutch Utsav, Uttarayana
7. Himachal Pradesh - Rakhadumni, Gochi Festival
8. Jammu and Kashmir - Har Navami, Chhari, Bahu Mela, Dosmoche,
9. Jharkhand - Karam Utsav, Holi, Rohini, Tusu.
10. Karnataka - Mysore Dasara, Ugadi
■ REPUBLIC
#Preamble
◇ A democratic polity can be classified into two categories– monarchy and republic. In a monarchy, the head of the state (usually king or queen) enjoys a hereditary position, that is, he comes into office through succession, e.g., Britain.
◇ In a republic, on the other hand, the head of the state is always elected directly or indirectly for a fixed period, e.g., USA.
◇ Therefore, the term ‘republic’ in our Preamble indicates that India has an elected head called the president. He is elected indirectly for a fixed period of five years.
■ JUSTICE
#preamble
◇ The term Justice in the Preamble embraces three distinct forms social, economic and political, secured through various provisions of Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles.
◇ Social justice denotes the equal treatment of all citizens without any social distinction based on caste, colour, race, religion, sex and so on. It means absence of privileges being extended to any particular section of the society and improvement in the conditions of backward classes (SCS STB and CBCs) and women.
◇ Economic justice denotes the non-discrimination between people on the basis of economic factors. It involves the elimination of glaring inequalties in wealth, income and property. A combination of social justice and economic justice denotes what is known as distributive justice.
◇ Political justice implies that all citizens should have equal poitical rights, equal access to all political offices and equal voice in the government.
■ SECULAR
#Preamble
◇ The term ‘secular’ too was added by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976.
◇ However, as the Supreme Court said in 1974, although the words ‘secular state’ were not expressedly mentioned in the Constitution, there can be no doubt that Constitution makers wanted to establish such a state and accordingly Articles 25 to 28 (guaranteeing the fundamental right to freedom of religion) have been included in the constitution.
◇ The Indian Constitution embodies the positive concept of secularism i.e, all religions in our country (irrespective of their strength) have the same status and support from the state.
■ DEMOCRATIC
#Preamble
◇ A democratic polity, as stipulated in the Preamble, is based on the doctrine of popular sovereignty, that is, possession of supreme power by the people.
◇ Democracy is of two types–direct and indirect. In direct democracy, the people exercise their supreme power directly as is the case in Switzerland. There are four devices of direct democracy, namely, Referendum, Initiative, Recall and Plebiscite.
◇ In indirect democracy, on the other hand, the representatives elected by the people exercise the supreme power and thus carry on the government and make the laws. This type of democracy, also known as representative democracy, is of two kinds–parliamentary and presidential.
◇ The Indian Constitution provides for representative parliamentary democracy under which the executive is responsible to the legislature for all its policies and actions.
■ SECULAR
#Preamble
◇ The term ‘secular’ too was added by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976.
◇ However, as the Supreme Court said in 1974, although the words ‘secular state’ were not expressedly mentioned in the Constitution, there can be no doubt that Constitution makers wanted to establish such a state and accordingly Articles 25 to 28 (guaranteeing the fundamental right to freedom of religion) have been included in the constitution.
◇ The Indian Constitution embodies the positive concept of secularism i.e, all religions in our country (irrespective of their strength) have the same status and support from the state.
Which of the following was the most important characteristic of India's trade throughout the colonial period?
निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा औपनिवेशिक काल में भारत के व्यापार की सबसे महत्वपूर्ण विशेषता थी?
In which year the administration of India was transferred into the hands of the British Monarch by the Victoria? Proclamation of Queen
किस वर्ष भारत का प्रशासन महारानी विक्टोरिया की घोषणा के द्वारा ब्रिटिश सम्राट के हाथों में सौंप दिया गया था ?
Bihar_____Diwas is actually celebrated on to commemorate the day Bihar was carved out from the Bengal Presidency.
बिहार दिवस को वास्तव में तारीख को मनाया जाता है ताकि उस दिन को याद किया जा सके जब बिहार बंगाल प्रेसिडेंसी से अलग हुआ था |
Who renounced his Knighthood against the Jallianwala Bagh atrocity? जलियाँवाला बाग़ नरसंहार के विरोध में किसने अपनी नाइटहुड की उपाधि छोड़ दी थी ?
Which of the following temples was built by Rashtrakutas Dynasty? निम्न में से किस मंदिर का निर्माण राष्ट्रकूट वंश के द्वारा किया गया था ?
■ INGREDIENTS OF THE PREAMBLE
#Preamble
The Preamble reveals four ingredients or components:
◇ Source of authority of the Constitution: The Preamble states that the Constitution derives its authority from the people of India.
◇ Nature of Indian State: It declares India to be of a sovereign, socialist, secular democratic and republican polity.
◇ Objectives of the Constitution: It specifies justice, liberty, equality and fraternity as the objectives.
◇ Date of adoption of the Constitution: It stipulates November 26, 1949, as the date.
■ SOVEREIGN
#Preamble
◇ The word ‘sovereign’ implies that India is neither a dependency nor a dominion of any other nation, but an independent state.
◇ There is no authority above it, and it is free to conduct its own affairs (both internal and external).
◇ Though in 1949, India declared the continuation of her full membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and accepted the British Crown as the head of the Commonwealth, this extra- constitutional declaration does not affect India’s sovereignty in any manner .
■ INGREDIENTS OF THE PREAMBLE
#Preamble
The Preamble reveals four ingredients or components:
◇ Source of authority of the Constitution: The Preamble states that the Constitution derives its authority from the people of India.
◇ Nature of Indian State: It declares India to be of a sovereign, socialist, secular democratic and republican polity.
◇ Objectives of the Constitution: It specifies justice, liberty, equality and fraternity as the objectives.
◇ Date of adoption of the Constitution: It stipulates November 26, 1949, as the date.
■ INGREDIENTS OF THE PREAMBLE
#Preamble
The Preamble reveals four ingredients or components:
◇ Source of authority of the Constitution: The Preamble states that the Constitution derives its authority from the people of India.
◇ Nature of Indian State: It declares India to be of a sovereign, socialist, secular democratic and republican polity.
◇ Objectives of the Constitution: It specifies justice, liberty, equality and fraternity as the objectives.
◇ Date of adoption of the Constitution: It stipulates November 26, 1949, as the date.
‘Triclosan’, considered harmful when exposed to high levels for a long time, is most likely present in which of the following?
[CSE 2021]
Bisphenol A (BPA), a cause of concern, is a structural/key component in the manufacture of which of the following kinds of plastics?
[CSE 2021]
