Minds Of Aspirants (Official)

BATCH-02 I am happy to announce that enrollment is now open for Xinsheng’26 Prelims Complete Guidance Program — Test Batch + Mentoring! Course Highlights Two classes per week: Tuesday & Thursday 40 plus “live” Revision classes and PYQ analysis “Live” CSAT classes included Mode: Online + Offline Recorded classes available for all sessions Course Duration: Till Prelims 2026 Weekly Sunday Offline Test (All offline tests can also be accessed through the MoA website’s app format) Additional Online Chapter-wise Tests for Xinsheng’26 students Direct mentoring until Prelims 2026 And much more… 📞 Enrollment You can directly contact us for joining, or enroll through our website and send the payment slip to our official ID: @moa_official 🌐 Website: https://mindsofaspirants.com/ Test Portal (Prelims Tests): https://prelims.mindsofaspirants.com/ Thank you for your continued support!

Steps to be taken Medical facilities to be improved Anaemia and malaria to be addressed Lack of safe drinking water to be addressed Snake bites Improved prices for minor forest produce Reverse vasectomy Awareness to village elders for respecting women’s choice Note these steps for GS3 and Anthropology paper 2 for curtailing Naxalism in India!

Samudra pratap

PYQ 2024

Venezuela crisis

PYQ 2025 Gs 4 Anna sebastian perayil died due to over work in 2024. It can be quoted as an example for the above questions. An organisation should consider mental health of workers.

Right to disconnect Gs 2 Gs 4 Work culture

PYQ 2015 Gs 2

Health Privatisation Gs 2

Bio material

PYQ 2016 Gs 2

Skill Gs 2

BATCH-02 I am happy to announce that enrollment is now open for Xinsheng’26 Prelims Complete Guidance Program — Test Batch + Mentoring! Course Highlights Two classes per week: Tuesday & Thursday 40 plus “live” Revision classes and PYQ analysis “Live” CSAT classes included Mode: Online + Offline Recorded classes available for all sessions Course Duration: Till Prelims 2026 Weekly Sunday Offline Test (All offline tests can also be accessed through the MoA website’s app format) Additional Online Chapter-wise Tests for Xinsheng’26 students Direct mentoring until Prelims 2026 And much more… 📞 Enrollment You can directly contact us for joining, or enroll through our website and send the payment slip to our official ID: @moa_official 🌐 Website: https://mindsofaspirants.com/ Test Portal (Prelims Tests): https://prelims.mindsofaspirants.com/ Thank you for your continued support!

Environment topic -12 Distribution of Water on Earth Total water on Earth • Covers about 75% of the Earth’s surface. • Exists as saline water, freshwater and ice. ⸻ Saline water (Oceans) • ~97% of total Earth’s water • Stored in oceans and seas • Not directly usable for drinking, agriculture or most terrestrial life • Acts as: • Major heat regulator of the planet • Largest reservoir driving the hydrological cycle ⸻ Freshwater (~3% of total water) • Mostly unavailable for direct use 1. Frozen freshwater • Largest share of freshwater • Locked in glaciers, polar ice caps and snow • Not readily accessible 2. Groundwater • Stored in aquifers and subsurface layers • Major source of drinking and irrigation water • Recharge depends on rainfall and infiltration 3. Surface freshwater • Less than 1% of total water • Present in rivers, lakes, streams and wetlands • Crucially important for: • Terrestrial and aquatic life • Human civilization and ecosystems ⸻ Atmospheric water • Very small fraction • Present as water vapour and clouds • Highly dynamic and vital for precipitation

Environment topic -11 Carbon Cycle Importance • Carbon is the backbone of all organic molecules—carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. • It links atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. • Exists in organic and inorganic forms. ⸻ Major carbon reservoirs 1. Atmosphere – carbon dioxide (CO₂) 2. Biosphere – plants, animals, microorganisms (organic carbon) 3. Hydrosphere – dissolved CO₂, bicarbonates and carbonates in oceans 4. Lithosphere – fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas), carbonate rocks, sediments ⸻ Key processes in the carbon cycle 1. Photosynthesis • Green plants and algae fix atmospheric CO₂ using solar energy. • CO₂ → carbohydrates (organic carbon). • Primary entry of carbon into living systems. 2. Transfer through food chains • Carbon moves from plants → herbivores → carnivores. • Stored in body tissues as organic compounds. 3. Respiration • Plants, animals and microbes oxidise organic carbon. • Releases CO₂ back into the atmosphere. 4. Decomposition • Dead plants and animals broken down by bacteria and fungi. • Carbon returned as CO₂ (or methane in anaerobic conditions). 5. Ocean–atmosphere exchange • CO₂ diffuses between atmosphere and oceans. • Oceans act as a major carbon sink (store ~50 times more CO₂ than atmosphere). • Marine organisms use carbon for shells and skeletons. 6. Sedimentation and fossilisation • Some carbon gets locked in sediments, carbonate rocks and fossil fuels over millions of years. 7. Combustion and volcanism • Burning of fossil fuels and volcanic activity releases stored carbon as CO₂.