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Storage Virtualization: Storage virtualization is the apparent pooling of data from multiple storage devices, even different types of storage devices, into what appears to be a single device that is managed from a central console. Storage virtualization helps the storage administrator perform the tasks of backup, archiving, and recovery more easily -- and in less time -- by disguising the actual complexity of a Storage Area Network (SAN). Administrators can implement virtualization with software applications or by using hardware and software hybrid appliances. The servers connected to the storage system aren’t aware of where the data really is. Storage virtualization is sometimes described as “abstracting the logical storage from the physical storage.

Network Virtualization: Network virtualization is a method of combining the available resources in a network by splitting up the available bandwidth into channels, each of which is independent from the others, and each of which can be assigned (or reassigned) to a particular server or device in real time. This allows a large physical network to be provisioned into multiple smaller logical networks and conversely allows multiple physical LANs to be combined into a larger logical network. This behaviour allows administrators to improve network traffic control, enterprise and security. Network virtualization involves platform virtualization, often combined with resource virtualization.

Hardware Virtualization: Hardware Virtualization or Platform Virtualization refers to the creation of a virtual machine that acts like a real computer with an operating system. Software executed on these virtual machines is separated from the underlying hardware resources. For example, a computer that is running Microsoft Windows may host a virtual machine that looks like a computer with the Linux operating system; based software that can be run on the virtual machine.

virtualization means to create a virtual version of a device or resource, such as a server, storage device, network or even an operating system where the framework divides the resource into one or more execution environments. Virtualization refers to technologies designed to provide a layer of abstraction between computer hardware systems and the software running on them. By providing a logical view of computing resources, rather than a physical view; virtualization allows its’ users to manipulate their systems’ operating systems into thinking that a group of servers is a single pool of computing resources and conversely, allows its users to run multiple operating systems simultaneously on a single machine.

Grid Computing Security Grid systems and applications require standard security functions which are Authentication, Access Control, Integrity, Privacy, and No Repudiation. Authentication and access control issues are: • To provide authentication to verify the users, process which have user’s computation and resources used by the processes to authenticate • To allow local access control mechanisms to be used without change. To develop security architecture, following constraints are taken from the characteristics of grid environment and application. • Single Sign-on: A user should authenticate once and they should be able to acquire resources, use them, and release them and to communicate internally without any further authentication. • Protection of Credentials: User passwords, private keys, etc. should be protected. • Interoperability with local security solutions: Access to local resources should have local security policy at a local level. Despite of modifying every local resource there is an inter-domain security server for providing security to local resource. • Exportability: The code should be exportable i.e. they cannot use a large amount of encryption at a time. There should be a minimum communication at a time. • Support for secure group communication: In a communication there are number of processes which coordinate their activities. This coordination must be secure and for this there is no such security policy. • Support for multiple implementations: There should be a security policy which should provide security to multiple sources based on public and private key cryptography.

IT questions 1)What is operating system and define its functions. 2)MIS do's and don'ts with examples. 3)Define information processing system and it's types. 4)Define grid computing security. 5)What is virtualization,explain it's types and applicable areas.

Application Areas of Grid Computing • Civil engineers collaborate to design, execute, & analyze shake table experiments. • An insurance company mines data from partner hospitals for fraud detection. • An application service provider offloads excess load to a compute cycle provider. • An enterprise configures internal & external resources to support e-Business workload. • Large-scale science and engineering are done through the interaction of people, heterogeneous computing resources, information systems and instruments, all of which are geographically and organizationally dispersed.

A variety of activities are executed by Operating systems which include: • Performing hardware functions: Application programs to perform tasks have to obtain input from keyboards, retrieve data from disk & display output on monitors. Achieving all this is facilitated by operating system. Operating system acts as an intermediary between the application program and the hardware. • User Interfaces: An important function of any operating system is to provide user interface. If we remember DOS days, it had a command based User Interface (UI) i.e. text commands were given to computer to execute any command. But today we are more used to Graphic User Interface (GUI) which uses icons & menus like in the case of Windows. So, how we interface with our system will be provided by Operating system. • Hardware Independence: Every computer could have different specifications and configurations of hardware. If application developer would have to rewrite code for every configuration s/he would be in a big trouble. Fortunately, we have operating system, which provides Application Program Interfaces (API), which can be used by application developers to create application software, thus obviating the need to understand the inner workings of OS and hardware. Thus, OS gives us hardware independence. • Memory Management: Memory Management features of Operating System allow controlling how memory is accessed and maximize available memory & storage. Operating systems also provides Virtual Memory by carving an area of hard disk to supplement the functional memory capacity of RAM. In this way it augments memory by creating a virtual RAM. • Task Management: Task Management feature of Operating system helps in allocating resources to make optimum utilization of resources. This facilitates a user to work with more than one application at a time i.e. multitasking and also allows more than one user to use the system i.e. timesharing. • Networking Capability: Operating systems can provide systems with features & capabilities to help connect computer networks. Like Linux & Windows 8 give us an excellent capability to connect to internet. • Logical access security: Operating systems provide logical security by establishing a procedure for identification & authentication using a User ID and Password. It can log the user access thereby providing security control. • File management: The operating system keeps a track of where each file is stored and who can access it, based on which it provides the file retrieval.

Operating System (OS) is a set of computer programs that manages computer hardware resources and acts as an interface with computer applications programs. The operating system is a vital component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs usually require an operating system to function that provides a convenient environment to users for executing their programs. Computer hardware with operating system can thus be viewed as an extended machine, which is more powerful and easy to use. Some prominent Operating systems used nowadays are Windows 7, Windows 8, Linux, UNIX, etc.

Virtual Memory: Virtual Memory is in fact not a separate device but an imaginary memory area supported by some operating systems (for example, Windows) in conjunction with the hardware. If a computer lacks the Random Access Memory (RAM) needed to run a program or operation, Windows uses virtual memory to compensate. Virtual memory combines computer’s RAM with temporary space on the hard disk. When RAM runs low, virtual memory moves data from RAM to a space called a paging file. Moving data to and from the paging file frees up RAM to complete its work. Thus, Virtual memory is an allocation of hard disk space to help RAM.

• Altering Business surroundings: Previously the business environment used to be stable one, so the people of any organization naturally became knowledgeable over time. They absorbed and hang out knowledge about company’s product & service, its market, customers, competitors and suppliers. But now rapid change means speedy knowledge obsolescence, so need is there to manage it before it disappears without leaving a trace.• Burgeon Connections: Extremely dispersed operations, global expansion, continual change –none of these would have been possible if it was not possible to deploy knowledge officially and deliberately .Cheap computing has made it probable. IT is now translucent to the user and is more accomplished of capturing knowledge. The authentic, interactive networks can put knowledgeable people in stroke through communication & technologies. • Globalization: It’s putting heaviness on firms for innovation as markets are at the present release for new-fangled players and competition is stiff. The scenery of goods and services has changed. Now companies have started selling knowledge in addition. For a research lab or software firm, not managing knowledge is similar to Wal-Mart not managing inventory. • Modification in Organizational composition: In today’s state of affairs, the organizational structures are changing. The new arrangement is that of “Virtual Organization”. This composition is used to integrate far flung operations & Knowledge Discovery in Databases is required.

• Department Stores Systems: There has been huge development in the retail sector in India. The same has created a need to have systems to cater to the ever increasing need of Indian consumers. Two critical elements for managing departmental stores have been automated in India; they include the billing processes and inventory management. It has features such as point of sale, multi-channel operation, supplier database, products

Applications that help entity to achieve BPA Many applications are available today that help enterprise to achieve business process automation. Few applications may be simpler; others may be more complex based on nature of process being considered. Some of them are mentioned below: • TALLY: It is an accounting application that helps entity to automate processes relating to accounting of transactions. It also helps to achieve automation of few processes in inventory management. The latest version has been upgraded to help user achieve TAX compliances also. It has features such as Remote Access Capabilities, Tax Audit and Statutory Compliance, Payroll, Excise for Manufacturers, Multilingual Support, VAT Composition Returns, TDS, VAT (Value Added Tax), Rapid Implementation, Real Time Processing, Dynamic Interactive Reports and Unique Drill-Down Facility, Unlimited Companies and Periods of Accounting. • SAP R/3: It is ERP software, which allows an entity to integrate its business processes. ERP stands for Enterprise Resource Planning, which aims at better utilization of the resources and helps entity achieve better business performance. It has the features such as time management, reporting and analytics, budget monitoring, workflow approval, sales management, team management, leave management, travel management, recruitment management and demand planning. This is used by most of the large enterprises across the world and covers enterprise automation end-to-end. • MS Office Applications: These are various office automation systems made available by Microsoft Corporation which include MS Word, MS Excel, MS PowerPoint, MS Access, etc. Each of these software help to achieve automation of various tasks in the office. It has features such as customized ribbon, backstage view, built-in graphics toolset, enhanced security, excel spark lines, pivot for Excel, PowerPoint broadcast, Power Point compression, paste, preview and outlook conversation view. • Attendance Systems: Many attendance automation systems are available in the market. The application helps entity to automate the process of attendance tracking and report generation. It has features such as supervisor login access, holiday pay settings, labour distribution, employee scheduling and rounding, employee view time card, overtime settings, battery-backed employee database and optional door/gate access control. • Vehicle Tracking System: A lot of applications have been developed that allow entity to track their goods while in transit. Few applications are high end, allowing owner of goods to check the temperature of cold stored goods while in transit. It has features such as GPS based location, GPRS connection based real-time online data-logging and reporting, route accuracy on the fly while device is moving, real-time vehicle tracking, geo-fencing, SMS & e-mail notifications, over-the-air location query support, on-board memory to store location inputs during times when GPRS is not available or cellular coverage is absent. • Automated Toll Collection Systems: As India progresses through creation of the golden quadrilateral project, many toll booths have been built to collect tolls. Many toll booths allow users to buy pre-paid cards, where user need not stop in lane to pay toll charges, but just swipe / wave the card in front of a scanner. The system keeps the track of card and the number of time same has been swiped / waved. It has features such as real-time toll plaza surveillance system, automatic vehicle identification system (based on in-road sensors), license plate recognition, zoom capability on captured images, laser based toll audit systems, automated vehicle classification, transaction processing and violation enforcement.

IT questions 1)Application that helps to achieve BPA. 2)Why knowledge has gained so much momentum in recent times. 3)Define virtual memory. 4)What is operating system?Define it's functions. 5)Describe application areas of grid computing.