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Types of Resources A grid is a collection of machines, sometimes referred to as nodes, resources, members, donors, clients, hosts and many other such terms. They all contribute any combination of resources to the grid as a whole. Some resources may be used by all users of the grid, while others may have specific restrictions. • Computation: The most common resource is Computing Cycles provided by the processors of the machines on the grid where processors can vary in speed, architecture, software platform, and other associated factors such as memory, storage, and connectivity. There are three primary ways to exploit the computation resources of a grid. o To run an existing application on an available machine on the grid rather than locally; o To use an application designed to split its work in such a way that the separate parts can execute in parallel on different processors; and o To run an application, that needs to be executed many times, on many different machines in the grid. • Storage: The second most common resource used in a grid is Data Storage. A grid providing an integrated view of data storage is sometimes called a Data Grid. Each machine on the grid usually provides some quantity of storage for grid use, even if temporary. Storage can be memory attached to the processor or it can be secondary storage, using hard disk drives or other permanent storage media. More advanced file systems on a grid can automatically duplicate sets of data, to provide redundancy for increased reliability and increased performance. • Communications: Communications within the grid are important for sending jobs and their required data to points within the grid. The bandwidth available for such communications can often be a critical resource that can limit utilization of the grid. Redundant communication paths are sometimes needed to better handle potential network failures and excessive data traffic. In some cases, higher speed networks must be provided to meet the demands of jobs transferring larger amounts of data. • Software and Licenses: The grid may have software installed that may be too expensive to install on every grid machine. Some software licensing arrangements permit the software to be installed on all of the machines of a grid but may limit the number of installations that can be simultaneously used at any given instant. License management software keeps track of how many concurrent copies of the software are being used and prevents more than that number from executing at any given time. • Special equipment, capacities, architectures, and policies: Platforms on the grid will often have different architectures, operating systems, devices, capacities, and equipment. Each of these items represents a different kind of resource that the grid can use as criteria for assigning jobs to machines. For example, some machines may be designated to only be used for medical research. These would be identified as having a medical research attribute and the scheduler could be configured to only assign jobs that require machines of the medical research resource.

Benefits of Grid Computing • Making use of Underutilized Resources: In most organizations, there are large amounts of underutilized computing resources. In some organizations, even the server machines can often be relatively idle. Grid computing provides a framework for exploiting these underutilized resources and thus has the possibility of substantially increasing the efficiency of resource usage. Grid computing (more specifically, a data grid) can be used to aggregate this unused storage into a much larger virtual data store, possibly configured to achieve improved performance and reliability over that of any single machine. • Resource Balancing: For applications that are grid-enabled, the grid can offer a resource balancing effect by scheduling grid jobs on machines with low utilization. This feature of grid computing handles occasional peak loads of activity in parts of a larger organization. An unexpected peak can be routed to relatively idle machines in the grid; and if the grid is already fully utilized, the lowest priority work being performed on the grid can be temporarily suspended or even cancelled and performed again later to make room for the higher priority work. • Parallel CPU Capacity: The potential for usage of massive parallel CPU capacity is one of the most common visions and attractive features of a grid. A CPU-intensive grid application can be thought of as many smaller sub-jobs, each executing on a different machine in the grid. To the extent that these sub-jobs do not need to communicate with each other, the more scalable the application becomes. A perfectly scalable application will, for example, finish in one tenth of the time if it uses ten times the number of processors • Virtual resources and virtual organizations for collaboration: Another capability enabled by grid computing is to provide an environment for collaboration among a wider audience. The users of the grid can be organized dynamically into a number of virtual organizations, each with different policy requirements. These virtual organizations can share their resources such as data, specialized devices, software, services, licenses, and so on, collectively as a larger grid. These resources are virtualized to give them a more uniform interoperability among heterogeneous grid participants. The participants and users of the grid can be members of several real and virtual organizations. The grid can help in enforcing security rules among them and implement policies, which can resolve priorities for both resources and users. • Access to additional resources: In addition to CPU and storage resources, a grid can provide access to other resources as well. For example, if a user needs to increase their total bandwidth to the Internet to implement a data mining search engine, the work can be split among grid machines that have independent connections to the Internet. In this way, total searching capability is multiplied, since each machine has a separate connection to the Internet. Some machines may have expensive licensed software installed that users require. Users’ jobs can be sent to such machines, more fully exploiting the software licenses. Some machines on the grid may have special devices. All of these will make the grid look like a large system with a collection of resources beyond what would be available on just one conventional machine. • Reliability: High-end conventional computing systems use expensive hardware to increase reliability. The machines also use duplicate processors in such a way that when they fail, one can be replaced without turning the other off. Power supplies and cooling systems are duplicated. The systems are operated on special power sources that can start generators if utility power is interrupted. All of this builds a reliable system, but at a great cost, due to the duplication of expensive components. • Management: The goal to virtualize the resources on the grid and more uniformly handle heterogeneous systems create new opportunities to better manage a larger, more distributed IT infrastructure.

Grid Computing is a computer network in which each computer's resources are shared with every other computer in the system. It is a distributed architecture of large numbers of computers connected to solve a complex problem. In the grid computing model, servers or personal computers run independent tasks and are loosely linked by the Internet or low-speed networks.

Output Devices: Computers systems provide output to decision makers at all levels in an enterprise to solve business problems, the desired output may be in visual, audio or digital forms. Output devices are devices through which system responds. Visual output devices like, a display device visually conveys text, graphics, and video information. Information shown on a display device is called soft copy because the information exists electronically and is displayed for a temporary period of time.

Random Access Memory (RAM)  Volatile in nature means Information is lost as soon as power is turned off.  This is Read Write memory.  Information can be read as well as modified. Read Only Memory (ROM)  This is non volatile in nature (contents remain even in absence of power).  Usually, these are used to store small amount of information for quick reference by CPU.  Information can be read not modified.  Generally used by manufacturers to store data & programs like translators that is used repeatedly.

Input devices are devices through which we interact with the systems and include devices like Keyboard, Mouse and other pointing devices, Scanners & Bar Code, MICR readers, Webcams, Microphone and Stylus/ Touch Screen. Keyboard helps us with text based input, Mouse helps us in position based input, Scanners & Webcams help in image based input and Microphone helps us in voice based input. Processing devices include computer chips that contain the Central Processing Unit and main memory. The Central Processing Unit (CPU or microprocessor) is the actual hardware that interprets and executes the program (software) instructions and coordinates how all the other hardware devices work together. The CPU is built on a small flake of silicon and can contain the equivalent of several million transistors. We can think of transistors as switches which could be” on” or “off” i.e., taking a value of 1 or 0. The processor or CPU is like the brain of the computer. The main function of CPU is to execute programs stored in memory. Cache Memory: There is a huge speed difference between Registers and Primary Memory (discussed in lower section). In order to bridge these speed differences, we have cache memory. Cache (pronounced as cash) is a smaller, faster memory, which stores copies of the data from the most frequently used main memory locations so that Processor/Registers can access it more rapidly than main memory. It is the property of locality of reference, which allows improving substantially the effective memory access time in a computer system.

Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) refer to any kind of IT system that stores and retrieves knowledge, improves collaboration, locates knowledge sources, mines repositories for hidden knowledge, captures and uses knowledge, or in some other way enhances the KM process. KMS treats the knowledge component of any organization’s activities as an explicit concern reflected in strategy, policy, and practice at all levels of the organization. There are two broad types of knowledge—Explicit and Tacit as shown in the Fig. 4.6.4. KMS makes a direct connection between an organization’s intellectual assets — both explicit [recorded] and tacit [personal know-how] — and positive results. • Explicit knowledge: Explicit knowledge is that which can be formalized easily and as a consequence is easily available across the organization. Explicit knowledge is articulated, and represented as spoken words, written material and compiled data. This type of knowledge is codified, easy to document, transfer and reproduce. For example – Online tutorials, Policy and procedural manuals. • Tacit knowledge: Tacit knowledge, on the other hand, resides in a few often-in just one person and hasn’t been captured by the organization or made available to others. Tacit knowledge is unarticulated and represented as intuition, perspective, beliefs, and values that individuals form based on their experiences. It is personal, experimental and context- specific. It is difficult to document and communicate the tacit knowledge. For example – hand-on skills, special know-how, employee experiences.

Various steps of automation are as follows: • Step 1: Define why we plan to go for a BPA? The system of recording of attendance being followed is not generating confidence in employees about the accuracy. There have been complaints that salary payouts are not as per actual attendance. It has also created friction and differences between employees, as some feels that other employees have been paid more or their salary has not been deducted for being absent. • Step 2: Understand the rules/regulation under which needs to comply with? A number of regulations are applicable to employee attendance including Factories Act 1948, Payment of Wages Act 1936, State laws, etc. This is a compliance requirement and hence, any BPA needs to cater to these requirements. • Step 3: Document the process, we wish to automate. The present system includes an attendance register and a register at the security gate. Employees are expected to put their signatures in attendance registers. The register at the gate is maintained by security staff, to mark when an employee has entered. There is always a dispute regarding the time when an employee has entered and what has been marked in the security register. The companypolicy specifies that an employee coming late by 30 minutes for two days in a month shall have a ½ day salary deduction. There are over-writing in attendance register, leading to heated arguments between human resource department staff and employees. As the time taken to arrive at the correct attendance is large, there is a delay in preparation of salary. The same has already lead to penal action against company by labor department of the state. • Step 4: Define the objectives/goals to be achieved implementing BPA The objective for implementing BPA, being: o Correct recording of attendance. o Timely compilation of monthly attendance so that salary can be calculated and distributed on a timely basis. o To ensure compliance with statutes. • Step 5: Engage the business process consultant XYZ Limited a consultant of repute has been engaged for the same. The consultant has prior experience and also knowledge about entity’s business. • Step 6: Calculate the RoI for project The BPA may provide Tangible benefits in the form of reduced penalties and intangible benefits which may include: o Better employee motivation and morale, o Reduced difference between employees, o More focus on work rather than salary, and o Improved productivity. • Step 7: Developing the BPA Implementing BPA includes would result in the following: o All employees would be given electronic identity cards. o The cards would contain details about employees. o The attendance system would work in the following manner:  Software with card reading machine would be installed at the entry gate.  Whenever an employee enters or leaves the company, he/she needs to put the card in front of machine.  The card reading machine would be linked to the software which would record the attendance of the employee.  At the end of month the software would print attendance reports employee- wise.  These reports would also point out how many days an employee has reported late in the month.  Based on this report monthly attendance is put in the system to generate the monthly salary. • Step 8: Testing the BPA Before making the process live, it should be thoroughly tested. The above illustrations are of entities, which have gone for business process automation. There are thousands of processes across the world for which entity have gone for BPA and reaped numerous benefits. These include: o Tracking movement of goods, o Sales order processing, o Customer services departments, o Inventory management, o Employee Management System, and o Asset tracking systems.

IT questions 1)Describe the steps of BPA. 2)Define KMS and its types. 3)Define a) input devices b) processing devices c) RAM, ROM 4)Define output devices. 5)Define grid computing, it's benefits and types.

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The Office Automation Systems (OAS) is an amalgamation of hardware, software, and other resources used to smooth the progress of communications and augment efficiency. Office automation refers to the use of computer and software to digitally generate, collect, store, manipulate, and relay office information needed for accomplishing basic tasks and goals.

3) Objectives of BPA The success of any business process automation shall only be achieved when BPA ensures the following: • Confidentiality: To ensure that data is only available to persons who have right to see the same; • Integrity: To ensure that no un-authorized amendments can be made in the data; • Availability: To ensure that data is available when asked for; and • Timeliness: To ensure that data is made available in at the right time. To ensure that all the above parameters are met, BPA needs to have appropriate internal controls put in place. A more detailed discussion follows in later sections of the chapter.

1)• Public Clouds: The public cloud is made available to the general public or a large industry group. They are administrated by third parties or vendors over the Internet, and services are offered on pay-per-use basis. • Private Clouds: This cloud computing environment resides within the boundaries of an organization and is used exclusively for the organization’s benefits. These are also called internal clouds. They are built primarily by IT departments within enterprises who seek to optimize utilization of infrastructure resources within the enterprise by provisioning the infrastructure with applications using the concepts of grid and virtualization. The benefit of a Private Cloud is that it enables an enterprise to manage the infrastructure and have more control, but this comes at the cost of IT department creating a secure and scalable cloud. • Community Clouds: This is the sharing of computing infrastructure in between organizations of the same community. For example, all Government organizations within India may share computing infrastructure on the cloud to manage data. The risk is that data may be stored with the data of competitors. • Hybrid Clouds: It is maintained by both internal and external providers. It is a composition of two or more clouds (Private, Community or Public). They have to maintain their unique identity, but are bound together by standardized data and application portability. With a hybrid cloud, organizations might run non-core applications in a public cloud, while maintaining core applications and sensitive data in-house in a private cloud.

IT questions 1)what is cloud computing and explain it's types. 2)DefineTPS attributes. 3)Objectives of BPA 4)What are the types of application softwares. It's benefits and limitations. 5)Define OAS with examples

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