Karamile secondary School (since 1 2014)

📚Modules prepared by MOSHE. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

B N: HOGGANSA MANNEEN BARNOOTAA AANAA GOOROO GUUTUU DHIMMI KUN ILAALLATU HUNDAAF TELEGIRAAMA GODINAAN KAN ARMAAN GADII AMMA NU QAQABE KANA HUBADHAATI ITTI QOPHAA'A BARATAA GAHOOMSAA QOPHEESSA !!! 👇👎👎👎👎 awraris wondimageng: AKKAM JIRTUU   ODEEFFANNO  AMMA NUDHAQQABEE    GAAFII  KEESSAN   gosa  barnoota  qorumsa  seemiistara  1ffaa    kutaa  6;8fi  12ffaa  hammatuu  kanneen  armaan  gaditii  kanuma irratti  qophaa a porshiinii  seemiistaraaf   qodamee  xumuruun  dirqama   HORAA BULAA Hubannaaf... ============= Gosa barnoota madaalliin simisteera 1ffaa sadarkaa Naannootti qophaayu... 1)Kutaa 12ffaa:gosa barnootaa qormaata biyyooleessaa irratti dhufan (Eng,Maths,Geo,Hist,Eco,Pysics,chemi..,Bio...) 2)Kutaa 8ffaa: Ingiliffaa,Herrega,S/Waliigalaa,S/Hawaasaa,Afaan 1ffaa,Lammuummafi Gadaa 3)Kutaa 6ffaa: Ingiliffaa,Herrega,S/Naannoo,Afaan 1ffaa,Safuufi Gadaa

7/4/2016 ========= Qormaata(Madaallii) simisteera 1ffaa kan xumuraa(1st simister Final Exam) kutaa 6ffaa,8ffaafi 12ffaa sadarkaa BBOtti kan qopheesinu waan ta'eef... 1)Iddoon itti maxxaanfamu Aanaa waan ta'eef, sadarkaa Aanaatti qophii gahaa taasiisaa 2)Aanaaleen warqaa baayyisaa gahaafi qalama baayyiisaa gahaa giddugala tokkootti qopheessuu qabu 3)Kutaan qormaanni kun itti baayyatu , sodaa nageenyaa kan hin qabnee ta'u mgt Waajira barnootaa Aanaan kan filatamuufi bordofamu ta'a... 4)Kutaan qormaanni kun itti baayyifamu ,"net work "kamiinuu kan wali hin qabnee ta'uu qaba... 5)Koreen qormaata kana baayyiisaan " electronics ykn mobile "kamiyyuu qabatanii seenuu kan hin dandeenyeefi, naamusa ol aanaa kan qabantu mgt Waajira Barnootaa Aanaan filatamee,itti gaafatamuummaan kun kennamaaf... 6)Bartoota kutaa 6ffaa,8ffaafi 12ffaa sagantaa qormaataa jara akka BBOtti kan qopheesinu waan ta'eef,kan daree kaawwanii haaluma kalaandarii duraani isiniif gadi buufneen ta'a... 7)Kutaa 6ffaafi 8ffaa haala qabatama Aanaa keessaniin Kilaastaraan walitti siiqiisuun(butuun) raawwachuu ni dandeessuu..., iddoo qormaataa(kilaaatara) kan filatu mgt Aanaati... 8)Uwwisinni (Portion ) qormaanni haguugguu, barnoowwaan(MLC) hanga simisteera 1ffaatti akka baratamuuf,kalaandariidhaan gadi isiniif bu'u hundaa kan hammatu ta'a. #Nagaa ta'a!

♦️Revision Notes on Flow of Liquids and Viscosity♦️(2/3) ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ Viscosity:- Viscosity is the property of fluids by virtue of which they tend to destroy any relative motion between their layers. Velocity gradient:- Velocity gradient is defined as the rate of change of velocity with respect to distance. (a) Velocity gradient = dv/dr (b) Dimension of velocity gradient = [dv/dr] = [T-1] (c) Direction of velocity gradient is perpendicular to the direction of flow, directed in the direction of increasing velocity. (d) Average velocity gradient:- Average velocity gradient is the difference between velocities of two layers separated a unit distance apart. Average velocity gradient = Δv/Δr Newton’s law of viscosity:- In accordance to Newton’s law of viscosity, the viscous drag force depends upon the nature of fluid along with following factors:- (a) F∝A    (common area of two layers) (b) F∝dv/dr (velocity gradient) (c) So, F =ηA (dv/dr) Here η is called coefficient of viscosity of fluid. Coefficient of viscosity of fluid (ηv) or fugitive elasticity:- ηv = shear stress/velocity gradient = (F/A)/(dv/dr) Modulus of rigidity(ηr):- ηr = shear stress/shear strain = (F/A)/(θ) = (F/A)/(dx/dr) Here, θ = dx/dr = displacement gradient Coefficient of viscosity (Absolute viscosity or Dynamic viscosity):- F= ηA (dv/dr)    if A = 1, dv = 1, dr =1, F = η Co-efficient of viscosity of a fluid is defined as the tangential force per unit area which is required to maintain (or resist) a unit relative velocity between two layers a unit distance apart. Or Co-efficient of viscosity of a fluid is defined as the tangential force per unit area which is required to maintain a unit velocity gradient between its layers. Unit of η:- S.I:- η = 1 deca poise = 1 N sec/m2 Co-efficient of viscosity of a fluid is said to be one deca-poise if a tangential force of 1 N per meter square is required to maintain a relative velocity of 1 ms-1 between its layer 1 m apart. C.G.S:- η = 1 poise = 1 dyn sec/cm2 Coefficient of viscosity of a fluid is said to be one poise if a tangential force of 1 dyn per square cm is required to maintain a relative velocity of 1 cms-1 between its layers 1 cm apart. Relation between deca-poise and poise:- 1 deca-poise = 10 poise Dimension formula for η:- η = Fdr/Adv = [M1L-1T-1] Fluidity:- Reciprocal of coefficient of viscosity of a fluid is called its fluidity. Fluidity = 1/η Unit of fluidity: poise-1 Dimension of fluidity: [M-1L1T1] Kinematic viscosity:- Kinematic viscosity of a fluid is defined as the ration between its coefficient of viscosity to the density of fluid. Kinematic viscosity = η/ρ Units of kinematic viscosity:- C.G.S – 1 stoke = cm2 s-1 Kinetic viscosity of a fluid having its dynamic viscosity one poise and density one g cm-3 is said to be 1 stoke. Dimensional formula of kinematic viscosity = η/ρ = [M0L2T-1] Critical velocity (Reynold’s Number):- Critical velocity (vc) is the maximum velocity of the flow of liquid flowing in a streamlined flow. vc = NR η/ρD Here η is the coefficient of viscosity of liquid, ρ is the density of liquid and D is the diameter of the tube. Reynold’s Number, NR = ρvcD/ η Stokes law:- In accordance to Stoke’s law, force of viscosity F depend upon, (a) Co-efficient of viscosity of fluid η (b) Radius of the moving body r (c) Velocity of body v So, force of viscosity, F = 6π η r v Terminal velocity:- v = 2/9 [r2 (ρ-σ)/η] η = 2/9 [r2 (ρ-σ)g/v] Variation of viscosity with a change in temperature and pressure:- (a) Effect of temperature:- η= A /(1+Bt)c Here A, B and C are constants. Again, ηv1/2  = Aec/vt Here, A and C are constants and v is the relative velocity. (b) Effect of pressure:- Co-efficient of viscosity of liquids increases due to an increase in pressure but there is no relation, so far, to explain the effect. Change in viscosity of gases:- (a) Effect of temperature:- Co-efficient of viscosity of a gas at a given temperature is given by, η= η0AT1/2 Here T is the absolute temperature of gas.

🔥Increasings or Decreasing Order🔥 🔴 01. Melting point= Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs 🔴 02. Colour of the flame= Li-Red, Na-Golden, K-Violet, Rb-Red, Cs-Blue, Ca-Brick red, Sr-Blood red, Ba-Apple green 🔴 03. Stability of hydrides = LiH > NaH > KH > RbH> CsH 🔴 04. Basic nature of hydroxides= LIOH < NaOH < KOH < RbOH < CsOH 🔴 05. Hydration energy= Li> Na > K> Rb > Cs 🔴 06. Reducing character= Li > Cs > Rb > K > Na 🔴 07. Stability of +3 oxidation state= B> Al > Ga > In > T1 🔴 08. Stability of +1 oxidation state= Ga < In < TI 🔴 09. Basic nature of the oxides and hydroxides= B< Al< Ga < In < TI 🔴 10. Relative strength of Lewis acid= BF3 < BCl3 < BBr3 < BI3 🔴 11. Ionisation energy= B> Al In SiO2 > Ge02 > SnO2 > PbO2 🔴 15. Reducing nature of hydrides= CH4 < SiH4  < GeH4  < SnH4 < PbH4 🔴 16. Thermal stability of tetrahalides= CCl4> SiCl4> GeCl4> SnCl4 > PbCl4 🔴 17. Oxidising character of M+4 species= GeCl4 < SnCl4 < PbCl4 🔴 18. Ease of hydrolysis of tetrahalides= SiCl4 < GeCl4 < SnCl4 < PbCI4 🔴 19. Acidic strength of trioxides= N203 > P2O3 > As2O3 🔴 20. Acidic strength of pentoxides= N2O2 > P2O2> As202 > Sb2O2 > Bi‌202 🔴 21. Acidic strength of oxides of nitrogen= N2O < NO PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3 🔴 23. Stability of trihalides of nitrogen= NF3 > NCl3 > NBr3 🔴 24.Lewis base strength= NF3 PCI3 > AsCl3 > SbCl3 > BiCl3 🔴 26. Lewis acid strength of trihalides of P, As, and Sb= PCl3 > ASCl3 > SbCl3 🔴 27. Lewis acid strength among phosphorus trihalides PF3 > PCl3 > PBr3 > PI3 🔴 28. Melting and boiling point of hydrides= H2O > H2Te > H2Se >H2S 🔴 29. Volatility of hydrides= H2O < H2Te < H2Se < H2S 🔴 30. Reducing nature of hydrides= H2S < H2Se < H2Te 🔴 31. Covalent character of hydrides= H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te 🔴 32. The acidic character of oxides (elements in the same oxidation state)= SO2 > SeO2 > TeO2 > PoO2 SO3 > SeO3  > TeO3 🔴 33. Acidic character of oxide of a particular element (e.g. S)= SO < SO2 < SO3 SO2 > TeO2 > SeO2 > PoO2 🔴 34. Bond energy of halogens= Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > I2 🔴 35. Solubility of halogen in water = F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2 🔴 36. Oxidising power= F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2 🔴 37. Enthalpy of hydration of X ion= F- > Cl- > Br- >I- 🔴 38. Reactivity of halogens:= F> Cl> Br > I 🔴 39. Ionic character of M-X bond in halides = M-F > M-Cl > MBr > M-I 🔴 40. Reducing character of X ion:= I- > Br- > Cl- > F- 🔴 41. Acidic strength of halogen acids= HI > HBr > HCI > HF 🔴 42. Reducing property of hydrogen halides = HF < HCL < HBr < HI 🔴 43. Oxidising power of oxides of chlorine = Cl2O > ClO2 > Cl206 > Cl2O7 🔴 44. Decreasing ionic size= 02- > F- > Na+ > Mg2+ 🔴 45. Increasing acidic property= Na2O3 < MgO < ZnO< P205 🔴 46. Increasing bond length= N2 <02 < F2 < CL2 🔴 47. Increasing size= Ca2+ < Cl- < S2- 🔴 48. Increasing acid strength= HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4 🔴 49. Increasing oxidation number of iodine= HI< I2

#Mirgaa_fi_Dirqama_Hirmaattoota_Gabaa_Oomisha_Jimaa ✅Bu’uura Dambii Sirna Gabaa fi qulqullina Omisha Jimaa lakk 224/ 2013 tiin hirmaatoonni gabaa oomisha Jimaa oomishtoota,al-ergitoota,daldaltoota,waldaalee hojii gamtaa,yuuniyeenii fi federeeshinii waldaalee hojii gamtaa fi fayyadamtootaa ta’u. #Dirqama_Waliigalaa Hirmaattotni gabaa oomisha Jimaa dirqama waliigalaa armaan gadii ni qabaatu: 1)Qaama daddabarsa bittaa fi gurgurtaa oomisha Jimaa gabaa seeraan alaa to’atu waliin qindoominaan hojjachuu;fi 2)Gochaawwan gabaa Jimaa maqaa balleessan kamirraayyuu of qusachuufi kanneen balleessanii argaman saaxiluu #Mirga_Oomishtootaa Oomishaan kamiiyyuu: ✅1)Oomisha isaa giddugala gabaa sadarkaa jalqabaa yookiin lammaffaatti dhiyeessee gurguruu,dukkaana daldalaa dhuunfaan yoo qabaate qinxaaboon fayyadamaatti gurguruu yookiin bu’uura Dambii kanaatiin kallattiin gabaa biyyaala atti erguu; ✅2)Oomisha isaa dhuunfaan yookiin waldaan gurmaa’ee gabaaf dhiyeessuu;fi ✅3)Oomisha isaa ooyiruu ofii irratti qaamolee hayyamameefitti yookiin gabaa daandii cinaa irratti fayyadamtootaatti gurgurachuu ni danda’a. #Dirqama_Oomishtootaa Oomishaan kamiiyyuu: ✅1)Oomisha Jimaa fedhii qulqullina bitattootni barbaadaniin oomishuuf dirqama qaba; ✅2)Oomishni Jimaa yammuu oomishamu keemikaalota fayyaa namaa irratti miidhaa dhaqqabsiisaniifi wantoota miidhaa geessisan fayyadamuu dhiisuu qaba; ✅3)Oomisha Jimaa ooyiruu ofiiisaa irratti oomishe bakka Dambii kanaan hayyamameefiin alatti gurguruu hinqabu. #Dirqama_Al-Ergaa Jimaa Al-ergaan oomisha Jimaa dirqama armaan gadii ni qabaata: ✅1)Meeshaalee safartuu fi madaallii seera qabeessa ta’eefi bara baajataa sana keessatti qaama aangoo qabuun sakatta’amee Istiikariinitti maxxanfame qabaachuufi sana qofaan bituu; ✅2)Ooyiruu oomishitoota irratti oomisha Jimaa yoo bituu barbaade Caasaa Ejensichaa naannoo sana jirutti iyyata dhiyeeffachuun yeroo hayyamamuuf oomishaa waliin kallattiin waliigaltee taasisuun giddu seentummaa qaama 3ffaa malee sanada bittaafi gurgurtaatiin bittaa raawwachuu ✅3)Oomishichi akkuma ooyiruu irra jiruun gatii waliigalaniin kaffaltii battalaa yookiin waliigaltee gurgurtaa kaffaltiin fuula duraaf kan raawwatu ta’uu ibsuun waliigaltee seera qabeessa raawwachuun oomishtoota irraa bituu; ✅4)Bittaafi gurgurtaan oomisha Jimaa kaffaltii battalaa kan raawwatame yoo ta’e,baay’inaafi gatii isaa kan ibsu kooppii sanada waliigaltee gurgurtaa yookiin waliigalteen gurgurtaa kaffaltiin fuuladuraaf raawwatamu yoo ta’e ammoo waliigaltee barreeffamaan taasifame kooppii isaa Ejensichaaf yookiin caasaa Ejensichaa naannoo sanatti argamutti dhiyeessuu; ✅5)Oomisha Jimaa bitee ooyiruu oomishaa irraa yeroo waliigalan keessatti kaasuu; ✅6) Oomishicha ooyiruu oomishaa irraa yammuu walitti qabu qulqullina oomishichaatiifi biqiltuu haadhoo irratti rakkoo osoo hin dhaqqabsiisiin bakka oomishni Jimaa itti muramuu qabu abbaa oomishaa waliin waliigaluu; ✅7)Haala qophii oomishichaa,geejjibamuu oomishichaa,fayyummaa hawaasaa fi qulqullina naannoo irratti miidhaa akka hin dhaqqabsiisneef of-eeggannoo cimaa taasisuu; ✅8)Fedhii maamilaa irratti hundaa’uun oomishicha Giddugala Gabaa oomisha Jimaa naannichaan ijaarame keessatti qulqullinaan qopheessuun biyya alaatiif erguu; ✅9)Al-ergaan oomisha Jimaa bittaafi gurgurtaa ooyiruu qonnaan bulaa irratti yammuu gaggeessu qonnaan bulaan abbaa qabiyyee ooyiruu sanaafi abbaa qabeenyaa oomisha Jimaa sanaa ta’uu mirkaneeffachuu; ✅10)Sanada bittaa fi gurgurtaa yeroo qaamni to’atu kamiiyyuu gaafatu agarsiissuu; ✅11)Oomisha Jimaa yammuu geejjibsiisu waraqaa darbiinsaa,sanada bittaafi gurgurtaa,nagahee kaffaltii tajaajila adda addaa fi hayyama hojii daldalaa harkatti qabachuu; ✅12)Ulfaatina sanada bittaa fi gurgurtaa irra jiruu ol iddoo tokkoo gara biraatti sochoosuu dhiisuu; ✅13)Giddugala gabaa tokko keessatti bakka bu’aa seera qabeessa ta’e tokkoo ol hojjachiisuu dhiisuu

Tenses👇 1. Simple Present Tense:    Example: "I walk to the park every afternoon." 2. Simple Past Tense:    Example: "She finished her homework last night." 3. Simple Future Tense:    Example: "They will visit their grandparents next week." 4. Present Continuous Tense:    Example: "He is playing soccer right now." 5. Past Continuous Tense:    Example: "We were studying when the phone rang." 6. Future Continuous Tense:    Example: "I will be working late tonight." 7. Present Perfect Tense:    Example: "They have already visited that museum." 8. Past Perfect Tense: Example: "She had already left by the time we arrived." 9. Future Perfect Tense:    Example: "By next year, I will have graduated from university." 10. Present Perfect Continuous Tense:     Example: "She has been studying for hours." 11. Past Perfect Continuous Tense: Example: "They had been waiting for an hour when the bus finally arrived." 12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense:Example: "I will have been living in this city for ten years by the time I move." ©Learn_English_Language_USA https://t.me/qubeeacademy https://t.me/qubeeacademy If you're highschool or university student seeking video tutorials, check out our YouTube channel 👇👇👇👇 https://youtube.com/channel/UCLPTQfMXS6we7aTT4g9MwCwty