WILL OF MED NINJA🥷🔥.

وهنا ركزوا على الاستثناءات خاصة هذا لأنه مش بالملزمة أضافته الدكتورة

🔹️First generation: can not cross BBB. 🔹️Second generation: can not cross BBB except cefuroxime. 🔹️Third generation: cross BBB except cefuberazone. 🔹️Fourth generation: cross BBB.

Methods used for microbial control:

🔹️Sterilization Methods (التعقيم)

1. Autoclaving → Surgical instruments / Surgical gowns / Cotton / Gauze 2. Tyndallisation → Food industries 3. Flaming → Sterilize loops 4. Hot Air Oven → Glassware (Test tubes / Glass bottles / Glass slides) 5. Incineration → Disposal infectious materials (Syringes / Needles) 6. Gamma Rays → Syringes / Catheters / Rubber gloves 7. Filtration → Heat-sensitive substances (Vitamins / Hormones / I.V solutions) 8. Ethylene Oxide (Gas) → Heat-sensitive substances 9. Peracetic Acid (Liquid) → Laparoscopic instruments

🔹️Disinfection Methods (التطهير)

1. Pasteurization → Milk (kills pathogenic bacteria) 2. Boiling Water → Water (home use) 3. UV Light → Operating room surfaces 4. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds → Floors / Furniture / Bed rails / Equipment surfaces 5. Phenolic Compounds → Environmental disinfection 6. Chlorine (Hypochlorite) → Homes & Hospitals 7. Glutaraldehyde 2% (Cidex) → Heat-sensitive equipment (Endoscopes / Dialysis / Respirators)

🔹️Antiseptic Methods (مطهرات الجلد)

1. Ethyl Alcohol (70%) → Skin antiseptic 2. Iodine Tincture (2%) → Skin antiseptic (less used) 3. Iodophors → Preoperative skin / Minor wounds 4. Hydrogen Peroxide → Deep wounds cleaning 5. Chlorhexidine → Surgical hand hygiene / Oral hygiene / ICU bathing 6. Silver Nitrate (1%) → Ophthalmia neonatorum prophylaxis ⭕️هذا الدرس مهم جداً ركزوا عليه.

لما تلاقي شخص بنفس حماسك… تعرف إنك في الطريق الصح ❤️‍🔥✨️

جميع الأرقام التي أخذناها في ال Mycology & Virology جميع المعلومات المقسمة على شكل نقاط في ال Virology جميع المعلومات المقسمة على شكل نقاط في ال Mycology جميع الاستخدامات التي في microbial control

Fungus includes

•yeasts •molds •mushrooms

Fungi obtain soluble nutrients by secreting degradative enzymes:

•Cellulases •Proteases •Nucleases

Clinical samples may be:

• pus • blood •spinal fluid •sputum •tissue biopsies • skin scrapings.

Classification of pathogenic fungi

1- CUTANEOUS MYCOSES 2-SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES 3- SYSTEMIC MYCOSES 4-OPPORTUNISTIC MYCOSES

Subcutaneous mycoses are fungal infections of:

•dermis •subcutaneous tissue • bone.

Subcutaneous fungal infections are almost alwaysacquired through :

•traumatic lacerations • puncturewounds

Organisms causing systemic mycoses are:

•True pathogens (infect healthy individuals) •Opportunistic pathogens ( infect weakened or immunocompromised individuals)

Opportunistic mycoses Increased incidence among:

•AIDS patients •Cancer patients •Post-transplant chemotherapy recipients •Users of antibiotics or immunosuppressives

Opportunistic fungal pathogens include:

•Cryptococcus neoformans •Candida spp. •Aspergillus spp. •Penicillium spp.

Virus Structure

•Capsid •Genetic Material (RNA or DNA) •Enzymes •Envelope (in some viruses)

Viral Capsid

1) Helical structure: Ex: Rabies virus, Measles virus 2) Icosahedral structure: Ex: Rubella virus, HBV,HAV 3) Complex structures: Ex: Poxvirus, binary bacteriophages.

Viral enzymes

●mRNA by RNA polymerase ●reverse transcriptase. ●Integrase ● cap-depend entendonuclease ●protease

Types of viruses genomes:

• dsDNA • ssDNA • ssRNA • dsRNA • Segmented and non-segmented

Viruses are mainly classified by:

1) morphology 2) nucleic acid type& mode of replication 3) host 4) the type of disease they cause.

Two main systems classify viruses:

•(ICTV) system •Baltimore classification system.

Levels of classification (in order):

●Order: ends in -virales ●Family: ends in -viridae ●Subfamily: ends in -virinae ●Genus: ends in -virus ●Species: usually the disease name (e.g., Measles virus)

Subviral agents

●Satellites ●viroids ●prions

Virus replication has six main phases:

1) Attachment. 2) Penetration (entry). 3) Uncoating. 4) Biosynthesis 5) Assembly. 6) Release.

Host cells provide viruses with:

•Machinery for translating viral mRNAs •Sources of energy

Virology

🔹️Viral DNA genome: 3.2 kbp – 375 kbp 🔹️Viral RNA genome: 7 – 30 kbp 🔹️Kbp = 1000 base pair 🔹️Number of known viruses: over 5000 🔹️David Baltimore: born 1938, Nobel Prize 1975 🔹️ICTV: founded late 1960s 🔹️Prion diseases incubation period: 5 – 20 years

Mycology

🔹️Yeasts: size 5–8 µm

انتبهوا تنسوا ال self-study في المايكرو

Sterilization Indicators Daptomycin & Linezolid

Nothing is easy, but nothing is impossible... Never give up🔥⛓️

No matter what happens always belive in yourself 🔥⛓️

___💯

ألم الدراسة لحظة وتنتهي، لكن إهمالها ألم يستمر مدى الحياة⛓️✨️

....جَوِّي😂🔥✨️

وهذه الأسئلة عن ال neoplasm من دفعة 41

هذه الأسئلة عن ال neoplasm من دفعة 40